Historical past in Reverse: Hiroshima Was Attacked – However What Led to That Day?

Historical past in Reverse: Hiroshima Was Attacked – However What Led to That Day?

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaMTxATMqOY

This companion draft preserves the linked Good Curiosity caption transcript with out added claims.

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Video transcript

The<00:00:00.560> world<00:00:00.960> remembers<00:00:01.360> the<00:00:01.600> day,<00:00:02.560> August<00:00:03.040> sixth, The world remembers the day, August sixth, The world remembers the day, August sixth, 1945. 1945. 1945. At<00:00:05.680> 8:15<00:00:06.480> in<00:00:06.640> the<00:00:06.799> morning,<00:00:07.440> the<00:00:07.680> clear<00:00:08.000> summer time At 8:15 within the morning, the clear summer time At 8:15 within the morning, the clear summer time sky<00:00:08.720> over<00:00:08.960> Hiroshima<00:00:09.920> was<00:00:10.240> pierced<00:00:10.559> by<00:00:10.719> a sky over Hiroshima was pierced by a sky over Hiroshima was pierced by a light-weight<00:00:11.200> brighter<00:00:11.840> than<00:00:12.080> a<00:00:12.240> thousand<00:00:12.719> suns.<00:00:13.759> In mild brighter than a thousand suns.

In mild brighter than a thousand suns. In a<00:00:14.240> single<00:00:14.880> horrifying<00:00:15.599> on the spot,<00:00:16.480> a<00:00:16.720> metropolis<00:00:16.960> was a single horrifying on the spot, a metropolis was a single horrifying on the spot, a metropolis was erased,<00:00:17.920> and<00:00:18.160> with<00:00:18.400> it<00:00:19.119> tens<00:00:19.520> of<00:00:19.680> hundreds<00:00:20.080> of erased, and with it tens of hundreds of erased, and with it tens of hundreds of lives.<00:00:21.279> Humanity<00:00:22.000> had<00:00:22.240> unleashed<00:00:22.720> a<00:00:22.880> weapon lives. Humanity had unleashed a weapon lives. Humanity had unleashed a weapon of<00:00:23.359> unimaginable<00:00:24.240> energy,<00:00:24.960> nicknamed<00:00:25.680> Little of unimaginable energy, nicknamed Little of unimaginable energy, nicknamed Little Boy,<00:00:26.880> ushering<00:00:27.359> in<00:00:27.599> the<00:00:27.760> atomic<00:00:28.160> age<00:00:28.720> with<00:00:28.960> a Boy, ushering within the atomic age with a Boy, ushering within the atomic age with a roar<00:00:29.439> of<00:00:29.679> hearth<00:00:30.160> and<00:00:30.400> a<00:00:30.640> cloud<00:00:31.039> formed<00:00:31.439> like<00:00:31.599> a roar of fireplace and a cloud formed like a roar of fireplace and a cloud formed like a mushroom.<00:00:32.719> However<00:00:32.960> that<00:00:33.200> second<00:00:33.600> wasn’t<00:00:34.000> the mushroom.

However that second wasn’t the mushroom. However that second wasn’t the start.<00:00:35.200> It<00:00:35.440> was<00:00:35.520> the<00:00:35.840> closing<00:00:36.239> horrible starting. It was the ultimate horrible starting. It was the ultimate horrible step<00:00:37.200> on<00:00:37.440> a<00:00:37.680> lengthy<00:00:38.000> and<00:00:38.239> secret<00:00:38.559> highway.<00:00:39.520> It<00:00:39.760> was step on an extended and secret highway.

It was step on an extended and secret highway. It was the<00:00:40.079> fruits<00:00:40.559> of<00:00:40.719> a<00:00:40.960> determined<00:00:41.360> race the fruits of a determined race the fruits of a determined race in opposition to<00:00:42.160> a<00:00:42.399> terrifying<00:00:42.960> enemy,<00:00:44.000> a<00:00:44.239> collection<00:00:44.480> of in opposition to a terrifying enemy, a collection of in opposition to a terrifying enemy, a collection of highstakes<00:00:45.360> political<00:00:45.760> gambles,<00:00:46.640> and highstakes political gambles, and highstakes political gambles, and scientific<00:00:47.600> breakthroughs<00:00:48.160> that<00:00:48.399> pushed<00:00:48.719> the scientific breakthroughs that pushed the scientific breakthroughs that pushed the very<00:00:49.280> limits<00:00:49.600> of<00:00:49.840> human<00:00:50.160> information.<00:00:51.200> The<00:00:51.520> path very limits of human information. The trail very limits of human information. The trail to<00:00:52.000> that<00:00:52.239> day<00:00:52.800> was<00:00:53.120> paved<00:00:53.520> with<00:00:53.760> inconceivable to that day was paved with inconceivable to that day was paved with inconceivable selections,<00:00:55.360> whispered<00:00:55.920> secrets and techniques,<00:00:56.719> and<00:00:56.960> a selections, whispered secrets and techniques, and a selections, whispered secrets and techniques, and a momentum<00:00:57.600> that<00:00:57.920> turned<00:00:58.239> unstoppable.<00:00:59.520> To momentum that turned unstoppable.

To momentum that turned unstoppable. To really<00:01:00.239> perceive<00:01:00.640> the<00:01:00.879> weight<00:01:01.120> of<00:01:01.359> August actually perceive the load of August actually perceive the load of August sixth,<00:01:02.640> we<00:01:02.879> cannot<00:01:03.120> simply<00:01:03.359> look<00:01:03.520> at<00:01:03.680> the sixth, we won’t simply take a look at the sixth, we won’t simply take a look at the explosion.<00:01:04.960> We<00:01:05.199> have<00:01:05.280> to<00:01:05.519> hint<00:01:05.760> the<00:01:06.000> timeline explosion. We’ve to hint the timeline explosion. We’ve to hint the timeline backward<00:01:07.439> to<00:01:07.680> unravel<00:01:08.159> the<00:01:08.479> complicated<00:01:08.960> net<00:01:09.200> of backward to unravel the complicated net of backward to unravel the complicated net of selections<00:01:09.840> and<00:01:10.080> discoveries<00:01:10.960> that<00:01:11.280> made<00:01:11.439> the selections and discoveries that made the selections and discoveries that made the atomic<00:01:12.080> age<00:01:12.320> a<00:01:12.560> actuality.<00:01:13.600> We<00:01:13.840> have<00:01:14.000> to<00:01:14.240> go<00:01:14.400> again atomic age a actuality.

We’ve to return atomic age a actuality. We’ve to return years<00:01:15.600> to<00:01:15.760> a<00:01:16.000> time<00:01:16.240> earlier than<00:01:16.479> the<00:01:16.720> secret<00:01:17.119> cities years to a time earlier than the key cities years to a time earlier than the key cities and<00:01:18.000> the<00:01:18.159> celebrated<00:01:18.799> scientists.<00:01:19.920> to<00:01:20.240> a<00:01:20.400> time and the celebrated scientists. to a time and the celebrated scientists. to a time when<00:01:20.960> the<00:01:21.200> bomb<00:01:21.520> was<00:01:21.680> simply<00:01:21.840> a<00:01:22.080> terrifying<00:01:22.640> concept when the bomb was only a terrifying concept when the bomb was only a terrifying concept in<00:01:23.439> a<00:01:23.680> physics<00:01:24.000> laboratory.<00:01:25.280> Earlier than<00:01:25.680> the in a physics laboratory.

Earlier than the in a physics laboratory. Earlier than the troopers,<00:01:26.720> the<00:01:26.960> secret<00:01:27.280> labs,<00:01:27.840> or<00:01:28.080> the<00:01:28.240> code troopers, the key labs, or the code troopers, the key labs, or the code names,<00:01:29.280> there<00:01:29.439> was<00:01:29.680> solely<00:01:29.920> the<00:01:30.159> science.<00:01:31.280> Our names, there was solely the science. Our names, there was solely the science. Our story<00:01:31.920> begins<00:01:32.320> not<00:01:32.560> on<00:01:32.720> a<00:01:32.880> battlefield,<00:01:33.840> however story begins not on a battlefield, however story begins not on a battlefield, however in<00:01:34.240> a<00:01:34.479> laboratory<00:01:34.960> in<00:01:35.200> Berlin<00:01:35.920> in<00:01:36.159> the<00:01:36.320> winter in a laboratory in Berlin within the winter in a laboratory in Berlin within the winter of<00:01:36.880> 1938. of 1938.

of 1938. Two<00:01:38.880> German<00:01:39.280> chemists,<00:01:40.240> Ottohan<00:01:40.960> and<00:01:41.119> Fritz Two German chemists, Ottohan and Fritz Two German chemists, Ottohan and Fritz Straman,<00:01:42.400> had been<00:01:42.640> bombarding<00:01:43.360> uranium<00:01:43.759> with Straman, had been bombarding uranium with Straman, had been bombarding uranium with neutrons.<00:01:45.119> And<00:01:45.280> what<00:01:45.520> they<00:01:45.759> discovered<00:01:46.399> defied<00:01:46.960> all neutrons. And what they discovered defied all neutrons. And what they discovered defied all clarification.<00:01:48.479> The<00:01:48.799> uranium<00:01:49.280> atoms<00:01:49.759> weren’t clarification.

The uranium atoms weren’t clarification. The uranium atoms weren’t simply<00:01:50.399> being<00:01:50.720> shipped.<00:01:51.680> They<00:01:51.920> had been<00:01:52.079> splitting simply being shipped. They had been splitting simply being shipped. They had been splitting aside,<00:01:53.280> releasing<00:01:53.759> a<00:01:54.079> great<00:01:54.560> quantity<00:01:54.880> of aside, releasing an amazing quantity of aside, releasing an amazing quantity of vitality.<00:01:56.240> They<00:01:56.479> had<00:01:56.799> found<00:01:57.360> nuclear vitality.

They’d found nuclear vitality. They’d found nuclear fishision.<00:01:58.960> The<00:01:59.200> information<00:01:59.520> shot<00:01:59.840> by<00:02:00.079> the fishision. The information shot by the fishision. The information shot by the worldwide<00:02:00.880> physics<00:02:01.360> neighborhood.<00:02:02.479> In worldwide physics neighborhood.

In worldwide physics neighborhood. In Sweden,<00:02:03.600> physicist<00:02:04.240> Lisa<00:02:04.640> Mitner,<00:02:05.600> who<00:02:05.840> had Sweden, physicist Lisa Mitner, who had Sweden, physicist Lisa Mitner, who had simply<00:02:06.240> fled<00:02:06.640> Nazi<00:02:07.040> Germany,<00:02:08.000> and<00:02:08.239> her<00:02:08.479> nephew simply fled Nazi Germany, and her nephew simply fled Nazi Germany, and her nephew FR<00:02:10.080> had been<00:02:10.239> the<00:02:10.479> first<00:02:10.720> to<00:02:10.959> accurately<00:02:11.440> interpret FR had been the primary to accurately interpret FR had been the primary to accurately interpret what<00:02:12.319> was<00:02:12.480> occurring.<00:02:13.440> They<00:02:13.760> realized<00:02:14.319> this what was occurring. They realized this what was occurring. They realized this course of<00:02:15.040> did not<00:02:15.360> simply<00:02:15.599> launch<00:02:16.080> vitality.<00:02:16.959> It course of did not simply launch vitality.

It course of did not simply launch vitality. It additionally<00:02:17.520> launched<00:02:17.920> extra<00:02:18.160> neutrons.<00:02:19.440> And<00:02:19.599> these additionally launched extra neutrons. And people additionally launched extra neutrons. And people neutrons<00:02:20.640> might<00:02:21.120> in<00:02:21.360> principle<00:02:22.080> go<00:02:22.319> on<00:02:22.480> to<00:02:22.720> break up neutrons might in principle go on to separate neutrons might in principle go on to separate different<00:02:23.520> uranium<00:02:23.920> atoms.<00:02:25.120> This<00:02:25.440> was<00:02:25.599> the<00:02:25.840> key. different uranium atoms.

This was the important thing. different uranium atoms. This was the important thing. This<00:02:27.040> was<00:02:27.200> the<00:02:27.360> daybreak<00:02:27.680> of<00:02:27.840> a<00:02:28.080> terrifying This was the daybreak of a terrifying This was the daybreak of a terrifying risk.<00:02:30.160> A<00:02:30.319> self-sustaining<00:02:31.200> nuclear risk.

A self-sustaining nuclear risk. A self-sustaining nuclear chain<00:02:32.080> response.<00:02:33.360> This<00:02:33.599> discovery<00:02:34.319> could not chain response. This discovery could not chain response. This discovery could not have<00:02:34.879> come<00:02:35.120> at<00:02:35.280> a<00:02:35.440> worse<00:02:35.760> time.<00:02:36.640> Adolf have come at a worse time.

Adolf have come at a worse time. Adolf Hitler’s<00:02:37.599> Germany<00:02:38.239> was<00:02:38.480> on<00:02:38.640> the<00:02:38.879> march.<00:02:39.760> Amongst Hitler’s Germany was on the march. Amongst Hitler’s Germany was on the march. Among the many<00:02:40.400> physicists<00:02:40.959> who<00:02:41.200> understood<00:02:41.599> the<00:02:41.840> energy the physicists who understood the facility the physicists who understood the facility of<00:02:42.239> fishing,<00:02:43.040> a<00:02:43.280> chilling<00:02:43.680> worry<00:02:44.080> started<00:02:44.480> to of fishing, a chilling worry started to of fishing, a chilling worry started to develop.<00:02:45.599> Many<00:02:45.840> of<00:02:45.920> these<00:02:46.239> scientists<00:02:46.879> had been develop.

Many of those scientists had been develop. Many of those scientists had been refugees<00:02:48.160> who<00:02:48.400> had<00:02:48.640> fled<00:02:48.959> persecution<00:02:49.599> in refugees who had fled persecution in refugees who had fled persecution in Europe.<00:02:50.720> They<00:02:50.959> knew<00:02:51.200> firsthand<00:02:51.840> what<00:02:52.080> the Europe. They knew firsthand what the Europe. They knew firsthand what the Nazi<00:02:52.640> regime<00:02:53.120> would<00:02:53.360> be<00:02:53.519> succesful<00:02:53.840> of<00:02:54.239> if<00:02:54.560> it Nazi regime can be able to if it Nazi regime can be able to if it acquired<00:02:54.879> its<00:02:55.120> arms<00:02:55.360> on<00:02:55.519> a<00:02:55.760> weapon<00:02:56.319> primarily based<00:02:56.560> on<00:02:56.800> their acquired its arms on a weapon primarily based on their acquired its arms on a weapon primarily based on their discovery.<00:02:58.160> Three<00:02:58.400> of<00:02:58.560> these<00:02:58.800> refugees,<00:02:59.920> the invention.

Three of those refugees, the invention. Three of those refugees, the Hungarian<00:03:00.800> physicists<00:03:01.440> Leo<00:03:01.920> Zeard,<00:03:02.800> Eugene Hungarian physicists Leo Zeard, Eugene Hungarian physicists Leo Zeard, Eugene Wigner,<00:03:04.080> and<00:03:04.239> Edward<00:03:04.720> Teller,<00:03:05.360> had been Wigner, and Edward Teller, had been Wigner, and Edward Teller, had been particularly<00:03:06.159> alarmed.<00:03:07.360> Zeard,<00:03:08.239> a<00:03:08.480> good particularly alarmed. Zeard, a superb particularly alarmed. Zeard, a superb and<00:03:09.120> usually<00:03:09.519> preient<00:03:09.920> thoughts,<00:03:10.800> realized<00:03:11.280> that and infrequently preient thoughts, realized that and infrequently preient thoughts, realized that Germany<00:03:12.239> had<00:03:12.480> the<00:03:12.720> scientific<00:03:13.280> expertise,<00:03:14.000> the Germany had the scientific expertise, the Germany had the scientific expertise, the economic<00:03:14.800> would possibly,<00:03:15.360> and<00:03:15.599> the<00:03:15.760> ruthless industrial would possibly, and the ruthless industrial would possibly, and the ruthless ambition<00:03:16.879> to<00:03:17.120> construct<00:03:17.360> an<00:03:17.599> atomic<00:03:18.080> bomb.<00:03:18.959> However ambition to construct an atomic bomb.

However ambition to construct an atomic bomb. However Zeard<00:03:19.760> and<00:03:20.000> his<00:03:20.159> buddies<00:03:20.640> weren’t<00:03:20.959> large<00:03:21.200> names Zeard and his buddies weren’t large names Zeard and his buddies weren’t large names in<00:03:21.760> the<00:03:21.920> United<00:03:22.239> States.<00:03:23.280> To<00:03:23.519> be<00:03:23.680> heard<00:03:23.920> in<00:03:24.080> the in the US. To be heard within the in the US. To be heard within the corridors<00:03:24.800> of<00:03:24.959> energy,<00:03:25.760> they<00:03:26.000> wanted<00:03:26.239> a<00:03:26.480> voice corridors of energy, they wanted a voice corridors of energy, they wanted a voice no<00:03:27.120> one<00:03:27.280> might<00:03:27.599> ignore.<00:03:28.720> So<00:03:29.120> they<00:03:29.440> turned<00:03:29.680> to nobody might ignore.

In order that they turned to nobody might ignore. In order that they turned to the<00:03:30.080> most<00:03:30.319> well-known<00:03:30.640> scientist<00:03:31.200> in<00:03:31.360> the<00:03:31.599> world, essentially the most well-known scientist on this planet, essentially the most well-known scientist on this planet, Albert<00:03:32.799> Einstein.<00:03:34.159> Einstein,<00:03:34.959> a<00:03:35.200> devoted Albert Einstein. Einstein, a loyal Albert Einstein. Einstein, a loyal pacifist,<00:03:36.480> was<00:03:36.720> dwelling<00:03:36.959> a<00:03:37.280> quiet<00:03:37.599> life<00:03:37.840> in pacifist, was dwelling a quiet life in pacifist, was dwelling a quiet life in Princeton,<00:03:39.120> New<00:03:39.360> Jersey,<00:03:39.920> after<00:03:40.239> fleeing Princeton, New Jersey, after fleeing Princeton, New Jersey, after fleeing Germany<00:03:41.120> himself.<00:03:42.239> He<00:03:42.480> was<00:03:42.640> skeptical<00:03:43.120> at Germany himself.

He was skeptical at Germany himself. He was skeptical at first,<00:03:44.080> however<00:03:44.400> Sillard’s<00:03:44.959> passionate first, however Sillard’s passionate first, however Sillard’s passionate arguments<00:03:46.239> satisfied<00:03:46.720> him<00:03:46.879> of<00:03:47.040> the<00:03:47.200> grave arguments satisfied him of the grave arguments satisfied him of the grave hazard.<00:03:48.640> Collectively,<00:03:49.360> they<00:03:49.680> drafted<00:03:50.080> a<00:03:50.319> letter hazard. Collectively, they drafted a letter hazard. Collectively, they drafted a letter dated<00:03:51.599> August<00:03:52.080> 2nd,<00:03:52.560> 1939.<00:03:54.000> The<00:03:54.239> Einstein dated August 2nd, 1939.

The Einstein dated August 2nd, 1939. The Einstein Zeard<00:03:55.440> letter<00:03:55.920> was<00:03:56.159> a<00:03:56.319> stark<00:03:56.720> warning Zeard letter was a stark warning Zeard letter was a stark warning addressed<00:03:57.439> to<00:03:57.680> US<00:03:58.239> President<00:03:58.959> Franklin<00:03:59.519> D. addressed to US President Franklin D. addressed to US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.<00:04:00.640> It<00:04:00.959> defined<00:04:01.360> the<00:04:01.680> risk Roosevelt.

It defined the chance Roosevelt. It defined the potential for<00:04:02.480> setting up<00:04:03.439> extraordinarily<00:04:04.159> highly effective<00:04:04.640> bonds of setting up extraordinarily highly effective bonds of setting up extraordinarily highly effective bonds of<00:04:05.120> a<00:04:05.280> new<00:04:05.519> kind<00:04:06.080> and<00:04:06.400> pointed<00:04:06.799> out<00:04:06.959> that of a brand new kind and identified that of a brand new kind and identified that Germany<00:04:08.159> had<00:04:08.480> already<00:04:08.879> stopped<00:04:09.200> the<00:04:09.439> sale<00:04:09.680> of Germany had already stopped the sale of Germany had already stopped the sale of uranium<00:04:10.640> from<00:04:10.879> the<00:04:11.040> Czechoslovakian<00:04:12.080> mines. uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines. uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines. It<00:04:13.360> had<00:04:13.519> seized<00:04:13.840> a<00:04:14.080> clear<00:04:14.400> signal<00:04:14.959> they<00:04:15.200> had been<00:04:15.360> on It had seized a transparent signal they had been on It had seized a transparent signal they had been on the<00:04:15.680> path<00:04:15.920> to<00:04:16.160> a<00:04:16.320> bomb.<00:04:17.120> The<00:04:17.440> letter<00:04:17.840> urged<00:04:18.160> the the trail to a bomb.

The letter urged the the trail to a bomb. The letter urged the US<00:04:18.720> authorities<00:04:19.120> to<00:04:19.359> act<00:04:19.759> instantly.<00:04:20.959> It US authorities to behave instantly. It US authorities to behave instantly. It wasn’t<00:04:21.519> delivered<00:04:21.919> to<00:04:22.079> Roosevelt<00:04:22.800> till wasn’t delivered to Roosevelt till wasn’t delivered to Roosevelt till October<00:04:24.000> by<00:04:24.320> an<00:04:24.479> economist<00:04:25.120> and<00:04:25.360> presidential October by an economist and presidential October by an economist and presidential confidant<00:04:26.960> named<00:04:27.440> Alexander<00:04:28.160> Saxs.<00:04:29.280> Greedy confidant named Alexander Saxs.

Greedy confidant named Alexander Saxs. Greedy the<00:04:30.000> immense<00:04:30.320> stakes,<00:04:31.199> Roosevelt<00:04:31.840> famously the immense stakes, Roosevelt famously the immense stakes, Roosevelt famously mentioned,<00:04:33.040> “Alex,<00:04:33.919> what<00:04:34.160> you<00:04:34.400> are<00:04:34.560> after<00:04:35.040> is<00:04:35.280> to mentioned, “Alex, what you might be after is to mentioned, “Alex, what you might be after is to see<00:04:35.680> that<00:04:35.840> the<00:04:36.000> Nazis<00:04:36.560> do not<00:04:36.720> blow<00:04:36.960> us<00:04:37.199> up.”<00:04:37.840> He see that the Nazis do not blow us up.” He see that the Nazis do not blow us up.” He instantly<00:04:38.720> licensed<00:04:39.360> the<00:04:39.600> creation<00:04:39.919> of instantly licensed the creation of instantly licensed the creation of the<00:04:40.320> advisory<00:04:40.880> committee<00:04:41.199> on<00:04:41.520> uranium.<00:04:42.639> The the advisory committee on uranium. The the advisory committee on uranium. The primary<00:04:43.440> tetative<00:04:44.000> step<00:04:44.320> had<00:04:44.560> been<00:04:44.800> taken.<00:04:45.680> The primary tetative step had been taken.

The primary tetative step had been taken. The spark<00:04:46.240> of<00:04:46.400> an<00:04:46.639> concept<00:04:47.520> born<00:04:47.919> in<00:04:48.080> a<00:04:48.240> German<00:04:48.639> lab spark of an concept born in a German lab spark of an concept born in a German lab and<00:04:49.520> fanned<00:04:49.919> by<00:04:50.080> the<00:04:50.240> fears<00:04:50.560> of<00:04:50.800> refugee and fanned by the fears of refugee and fanned by the fears of refugee scientists<00:04:52.479> had<00:04:52.800> now<00:04:53.040> landed<00:04:53.440> on<00:04:53.600> the<00:04:53.759> desk<00:04:54.160> of scientists had now landed on the desk of scientists had now landed on the desk of the<00:04:54.560> most<00:04:54.880> highly effective<00:04:55.360> man<00:04:55.600> in<00:04:55.840> the<00:04:56.000> world. essentially the most highly effective man on this planet. essentially the most highly effective man on this planet. Roosevelt’s<00:04:57.680> uranium<00:04:58.160> committee<00:04:58.639> was<00:04:58.880> a Roosevelt’s uranium committee was a Roosevelt’s uranium committee was a begin,<00:04:59.840> however<00:05:00.080> a<00:05:00.320> sluggish<00:05:00.479> one.<00:05:01.280> For<00:05:01.600> 2<00:05:01.840> years,<00:05:02.400> the beginning, however a sluggish one.

For two years, the beginning, however a sluggish one. For two years, the American<00:05:03.120> effort<00:05:03.440> was<00:05:03.600> a<00:05:03.840> small,<00:05:04.240> fragmented American effort was a small, fragmented American effort was a small, fragmented analysis<00:05:05.360> program<00:05:06.000> that<00:05:06.320> lacked<00:05:06.639> any<00:05:06.960> actual analysis program that lacked any actual analysis program that lacked any actual urgency.<00:05:08.400> In<00:05:08.639> Britain,<00:05:09.199> nonetheless,<00:05:09.840> the<00:05:10.080> menace urgency. In Britain, nonetheless, the menace urgency. In Britain, nonetheless, the menace was<00:05:10.639> felt<00:05:10.960> a lot<00:05:11.280> extra<00:05:11.520> acutely.<00:05:12.639> The<00:05:12.880> British was felt far more acutely.

The British was felt far more acutely. The British MOD<00:05:13.759> committee<00:05:14.479> had<00:05:14.800> been<00:05:14.960> conducting<00:05:15.360> its MOD committee had been conducting its MOD committee had been conducting its personal<00:05:15.840> intensive<00:05:16.400> analysis,<00:05:17.280> and<00:05:17.520> in<00:05:17.680> the personal intensive analysis, and within the personal intensive analysis, and in the summertime<00:05:18.160> of<00:05:18.400> 1941,<00:05:19.520> they<00:05:19.840> produced<00:05:20.160> a<00:05:20.400> beautiful summer time of 1941, they produced a surprising summer time of 1941, they produced a surprising report.<00:05:21.759> They<00:05:22.080> concluded<00:05:22.479> a<00:05:22.800> uranium<00:05:23.280> bomb report. They concluded a uranium bomb report. They concluded a uranium bomb was<00:05:23.840> possible<00:05:24.560> and<00:05:24.880> might<00:05:25.120> be<00:05:25.280> constructed<00:05:25.520> in<00:05:25.840> time was possible and could possibly be in-built time was possible and could possibly be in-built time to<00:05:26.560> have an effect on<00:05:26.960> the<00:05:27.120> warfare’s<00:05:27.520> end result.<00:05:28.560> The<00:05:28.720> MOD to have an effect on the warfare’s end result.

The MOD to have an effect on the warfare’s end result. The MOD report<00:05:29.600> was<00:05:29.840> a<00:05:30.080> jolt<00:05:30.400> to<00:05:30.639> the<00:05:30.800> American report was a jolt to the American report was a jolt to the American system.<00:05:32.320> Vanover<00:05:32.880> Bush,<00:05:33.520> the<00:05:33.759> head<00:05:33.919> of<00:05:34.080> the system. Vanover Bush, the pinnacle of the system. Vanover Bush, the pinnacle of the newly<00:05:34.639> created<00:05:35.120> Workplace<00:05:35.440> of<00:05:35.759> Scientific newly created Workplace of Scientific newly created Workplace of Scientific Analysis<00:05:36.960> and<00:05:37.199> Improvement,<00:05:38.240> now<00:05:38.560> had<00:05:38.720> the Analysis and Improvement, now had the Analysis and Improvement, now had the proof<00:05:39.120> he<00:05:39.360> wanted<00:05:39.680> to<00:05:39.840> push<00:05:40.080> for<00:05:40.320> an<00:05:40.479> allout proof he wanted to push for an allout proof he wanted to push for an allout program.<00:05:42.080> The<00:05:42.320> closing<00:05:42.639> catalyst<00:05:43.199> got here<00:05:43.440> on program.

The ultimate catalyst got here on program. The ultimate catalyst got here on December<00:05:44.160> seventh,<00:05:44.639> 1941<00:05:46.000> with<00:05:46.240> the<00:05:46.400> shock December seventh, 1941 with the shock December seventh, 1941 with the shock assault<00:05:47.199> on<00:05:47.440> Pearl<00:05:47.840> Harbor.<00:05:48.800> The<00:05:49.039> summary assault on Pearl Harbor. The summary assault on Pearl Harbor. The summary menace<00:05:49.840> of<00:05:50.000> a<00:05:50.240> new<00:05:50.400> weapon<00:05:51.120> turned<00:05:51.440> a menace of a brand new weapon turned a menace of a brand new weapon turned a terrifying<00:05:52.240> actuality<00:05:53.120> in<00:05:53.360> a<00:05:53.520> world<00:05:53.840> now<00:05:54.160> at terrifying actuality in a world now at terrifying actuality in a world now at complete<00:05:54.880> warfare.<00:05:55.759> The<00:05:56.000> day<00:05:56.240> after<00:05:56.560> Pearl<00:05:56.960> Harbor, complete warfare.

The day after Pearl Harbor, complete warfare. The day after Pearl Harbor, Bush<00:05:58.160> met<00:05:58.400> with<00:05:58.560> Roosevelt<00:05:59.360> and<00:05:59.600> acquired<00:05:59.759> the Bush met with Roosevelt and acquired the Bush met with Roosevelt and acquired the inexperienced<00:06:00.240> mild<00:06:00.639> to<00:06:00.960> mobilize<00:06:01.600> the whole lot inexperienced mild to mobilize the whole lot inexperienced mild to mobilize the whole lot required<00:06:02.560> to<00:06:02.800> construct<00:06:02.960> the<00:06:03.199> bomb.<00:06:04.160> In<00:06:04.400> January required to construct the bomb. In January required to construct the bomb. In January 1942, 1942, 1942, President<00:06:07.120> Roosevelt<00:06:07.759> formally<00:06:08.319> and President Roosevelt formally and President Roosevelt formally and secretly<00:06:09.120> accepted<00:06:09.440> the<00:06:09.680> huge secretly accepted the huge secretly accepted the huge endeavor.<00:06:11.280> A<00:06:11.600> challenge<00:06:11.840> of<00:06:12.080> this<00:06:12.319> scale endeavor.

A challenge of this scale endeavor. A challenge of this scale wanted<00:06:13.360> extra<00:06:13.600> than<00:06:13.919> scientific<00:06:14.479> genius.<00:06:15.680> It wanted greater than scientific genius. It wanted greater than scientific genius. It wanted<00:06:16.160> an<00:06:16.479> organizational<00:06:17.280> titan.<00:06:18.240> In wanted an organizational titan.

In wanted an organizational titan. In September<00:06:19.120> 1942, September 1942, September 1942, they<00:06:20.960> discovered<00:06:21.199> their<00:06:21.440> man,<00:06:22.319> Riggier<00:06:22.960> Normal they discovered their man, Riggier Normal they discovered their man, Riggier Normal Leslie<00:06:23.759> Ar<00:06:24.000> Groves<00:06:24.639> of<00:06:24.880> the<00:06:25.120> US<00:06:25.440> Military<00:06:25.840> Cores<00:06:26.240> of Leslie Ar Groves of the US Military Cores of Leslie Ar Groves of the US Military Cores of Engineers.<00:06:27.759> Groves<00:06:28.240> was<00:06:28.400> a<00:06:28.560> drive<00:06:28.800> of<00:06:28.960> nature, Engineers. Groves was a drive of nature, Engineers. Groves was a drive of nature, demanding,<00:06:30.160> abrasive,<00:06:31.120> and<00:06:31.440> relentlessly demanding, abrasive, and relentlessly demanding, abrasive, and relentlessly targeted.<00:06:33.280> His<00:06:33.520> final<00:06:33.919> challenge<00:06:34.319> was<00:06:34.720> constructing targeted.

His final challenge was constructing targeted. His final challenge was constructing the<00:06:35.199> Pentagon.<00:06:36.319> He<00:06:36.560> knew<00:06:36.800> how<00:06:37.039> to<00:06:37.199> handle the Pentagon. He knew easy methods to handle the Pentagon. He knew easy methods to handle colossal<00:06:38.080> undertakings,<00:06:39.199> and<00:06:39.440> he<00:06:39.600> was colossal undertakings, and he was colossal undertakings, and he was exactly<00:06:40.319> what<00:06:40.479> the<00:06:40.720> sprawling, exactly what the sprawling, exactly what the sprawling, disorganized<00:06:42.560> challenge<00:06:42.960> wanted.<00:06:43.840> As<00:06:44.160> his<00:06:44.400> assist disorganized challenge wanted.

As his assist disorganized challenge wanted. As his assist later<00:06:45.039> put<00:06:45.199> it,<00:06:45.759> he<00:06:46.000> was<00:06:46.160> the<00:06:46.400> greatest<00:06:46.960> sob<00:06:47.680> I later put it, he was the most important sob I later put it, he was the most important sob I’ve<00:06:48.160> ever<00:06:48.400> labored<00:06:48.639> for,<00:06:49.600> however<00:06:49.919> additionally<00:06:50.400> a<00:06:50.639> man<00:06:50.800> of have ever labored for, but in addition a person of have ever labored for, but in addition a person of unquestioned<00:06:51.680> skill.<00:06:52.720> One<00:06:52.960> of<00:06:53.120> Grove’s unquestioned skill. Certainly one of Grove’s unquestioned skill. Certainly one of Grove’s first<00:06:53.840> acts<00:06:54.319> was<00:06:54.560> to<00:06:54.720> give<00:06:54.960> the<00:06:55.199> challenge<00:06:55.520> its first acts was to present the challenge its first acts was to present the challenge its intentionally<00:06:56.400> deceptive<00:06:57.039> identify.<00:06:57.919> As a result of intentionally deceptive identify.

As a result of intentionally deceptive identify. As a result of its<00:06:58.560> first<00:06:58.800> workplace<00:06:59.120> was<00:06:59.360> in<00:06:59.599> New<00:06:59.759> York<00:06:59.919> Metropolis, its first workplace was in New York Metropolis, its first workplace was in New York Metropolis, it<00:07:00.880> was<00:07:01.120> designated<00:07:01.599> the<00:07:01.840> Manhattan<00:07:02.560> Engineer it was designated the Manhattan Engineer it was designated the Manhattan Engineer District.<00:07:04.000> The<00:07:04.240> identify<00:07:04.639> caught,<00:07:05.440> changing into<00:07:05.759> the District. The identify caught, changing into the District. The identify caught, changing into the Cody<00:07:06.400> identify<00:07:06.560> for<00:07:06.800> the<00:07:06.960> whole<00:07:07.440> high<00:07:07.759> secret Cody identify for all the high secret Cody identify for all the high secret enterprise,<00:07:09.360> the<00:07:09.599> Manhattan<00:07:10.240> Venture. enterprise, the Manhattan Venture.

enterprise, the Manhattan Venture. Groves<00:07:11.840> instantly<00:07:12.400> accepted<00:07:12.880> the<00:07:13.120> buy Groves instantly accepted the acquisition Groves instantly accepted the acquisition of<00:07:13.840> 1,250 of 1,250 of 1,250 tons<00:07:15.840> of<00:07:16.160> highquality<00:07:17.199> uranium<00:07:17.759> ore<00:07:18.080> saved tons of highquality uranium ore saved tons of highquality uranium ore saved on<00:07:18.560> Staten<00:07:19.039> Island<00:07:19.680> and<00:07:20.000> moved<00:07:20.240> with on Staten Island and moved with on Staten Island and moved with lightning<00:07:20.960> velocity<00:07:21.680> to<00:07:21.919> purchase<00:07:22.319> huge<00:07:22.720> tracks lightning velocity to accumulate huge tracks lightning velocity to accumulate huge tracks of<00:07:23.280> land<00:07:23.759> for<00:07:24.000> the<00:07:24.240> services<00:07:24.720> that<00:07:24.960> would<00:07:25.120> be of land for the services that may be of land for the services that may be wanted.<00:07:26.080> The<00:07:26.319> race<00:07:26.639> was<00:07:26.880> now<00:07:27.120> a<00:07:27.360> fullout wanted. The race was now a fullout wanted. The race was now a fullout dash.<00:07:28.880> The<00:07:29.199> challenge<00:07:29.520> was<00:07:29.840> about<00:07:30.000> to<00:07:30.240> change into dash.

The challenge was about to change into dash. The challenge was about to change into a<00:07:30.639> nationwide<00:07:31.199> industrial<00:07:31.840> and<00:07:32.160> scientific a nationwide industrial and scientific a nationwide industrial and scientific effort,<00:07:33.680> all<00:07:34.000> hidden<00:07:34.400> from<00:07:34.639> public<00:07:34.960> view.<00:07:35.919> And energy, all hidden from public view. And energy, all hidden from public view. And to<00:07:36.240> lead<00:07:36.479> its<00:07:36.720> scientific<00:07:37.360> coronary heart,<00:07:38.160> Groves to guide its scientific coronary heart, Groves to guide its scientific coronary heart, Groves would<00:07:38.880> make<00:07:39.039> his<00:07:39.280> most<00:07:39.520> essential<00:07:40.400> and<00:07:40.720> maybe would make his most important and maybe would make his most important and maybe most<00:07:41.520> unlikely<00:07:42.160> resolution.<00:07:43.199> He<00:07:43.440> wanted<00:07:43.680> a very unlikely resolution.

He wanted a very unlikely resolution. He wanted a scientific<00:07:44.479> director,<00:07:45.280> and<00:07:45.520> he<00:07:45.680> discovered<00:07:45.919> him<00:07:46.160> in scientific director, and he discovered him in scientific director, and he discovered him in a<00:07:46.479> good,<00:07:47.039> enigmatic,<00:07:48.080> and a superb, enigmatic, and a superb, enigmatic, and controversial<00:07:48.960> theoretical<00:07:49.599> physicist controversial theoretical physicist controversial theoretical physicist named<00:07:51.120> J.<00:07:51.599> Robert<00:07:52.080> Oppenheimer.<00:07:53.360> With named J. Robert Oppenheimer. With named J.

Robert Oppenheimer. With Normal<00:07:54.160> Groves<00:07:54.720> offering<00:07:55.120> the<00:07:55.360> industrial Normal Groves offering the economic Normal Groves offering the economic muscle,<00:07:56.720> the<00:07:56.960> Manhattan<00:07:57.599> challenge<00:07:58.080> shifted muscle, the Manhattan challenge shifted muscle, the Manhattan challenge shifted into<00:07:58.879> excessive<00:07:59.199> gear.<00:08:00.160> The<00:08:00.400> scientific<00:08:01.039> drawback into excessive gear. The scientific drawback into excessive gear. The scientific drawback was<00:08:01.599> immense,<00:08:02.400> however<00:08:02.639> the<00:08:02.879> industrial was immense, however the industrial was immense, however the industrial problem<00:08:03.919> was<00:08:04.240> even<00:08:04.479> higher.<00:08:05.360> The problem was even higher.

The problem was even higher. The scientists<00:08:06.240> had<00:08:06.639> recognized<00:08:07.120> two<00:08:07.440> potential scientists had recognized two potential scientists had recognized two potential paths<00:08:08.240> to<00:08:08.479> a<00:08:08.639> weapon.<00:08:09.440> Two<00:08:09.759> completely different paths to a weapon. Two completely different paths to a weapon. Two completely different supplies<00:08:10.960> that<00:08:11.199> might<00:08:11.440> maintain<00:08:11.919> a<00:08:12.160> chain supplies that would maintain a sequence supplies that would maintain a sequence response.<00:08:13.680> No<00:08:13.919> one<00:08:14.080> was<00:08:14.319> positive<00:08:14.479> which<00:08:14.800> would response.

Nobody was positive which might response. Nobody was positive which might work,<00:08:15.599> so<00:08:15.840> they<00:08:16.080> had<00:08:16.240> to<00:08:16.400> pursue<00:08:16.800> each<00:08:17.120> at work, in order that they needed to pursue each at work, in order that they needed to pursue each directly.<00:08:18.319> The<00:08:18.639> first<00:08:18.879> path<00:08:19.199> concerned<00:08:19.759> uranium as soon as. The primary path concerned uranium as soon as. The primary path concerned uranium 235.

235. 235. Pure<00:08:22.800> uranium<00:08:23.280> is<00:08:23.599> over<00:08:23.840> 99%<00:08:24.960> a<00:08:25.199> steady Pure uranium is over 99% a steady Pure uranium is over 99% a steady isotope.<00:08:26.479> U238. isotope. U238.

isotope. U238. Solely<00:08:29.039> a<00:08:29.280> tiny<00:08:29.599> fraction<00:08:30.400> about<00:08:30.720> 0.7% Solely a tiny fraction about 0.7% Solely a tiny fraction about 0.7% is<00:08:32.560> the<00:08:32.800> fistile<00:08:33.200> isotope<00:08:33.760> U235. is the fistile isotope U235. is the fistile isotope U235.

The<00:08:35.680> problem<00:08:36.000> was<00:08:36.240> to<00:08:36.399> separate<00:08:36.800> this The problem was to separate this The problem was to separate this needle<00:08:37.279> from<00:08:37.440> a<00:08:37.599> hay<00:08:37.839> stack.<00:08:38.640> To<00:08:38.880> do<00:08:39.039> it,<00:08:39.440> a needle from a hay stack. To do it, a needle from a hay stack. To do it, a secret<00:08:40.080> metropolis<00:08:40.399> rose<00:08:40.800> from<00:08:40.959> the<00:08:41.120> mud<00:08:41.360> of<00:08:41.519> jap secret metropolis rose from the mud of jap secret metropolis rose from the mud of jap Tennessee.<00:08:43.200> Cenamed<00:08:44.159> website<00:08:44.560> X.<00:08:45.279> It<00:08:45.440> would Tennessee. Cenamed website X.

It could Tennessee. Cenamed website X. It could change into<00:08:46.000> Oakidge.<00:08:47.200> In<00:08:47.440> simply<00:08:47.680> 2<00:08:48.000> years,<00:08:48.720> a<00:08:49.120> 17-m change into Oakidge. In simply 2 years, a 17-m change into Oakidge.

In simply 2 years, a 17-m lengthy<00:08:50.160> valley<00:08:50.560> was<00:08:50.800> stuffed<00:08:51.040> with<00:08:51.279> huge lengthy valley was stuffed with huge lengthy valley was stuffed with huge industrial<00:08:52.480> vegetation.<00:08:53.600> The<00:08:53.839> largest,<00:08:54.480> the<00:08:54.720> K25 industrial vegetation. The biggest, the K25 industrial vegetation. The biggest, the K25 plant,<00:08:56.480> was<00:08:56.720> one<00:08:56.880> of<00:08:56.959> the<00:08:57.120> greatest<00:08:57.519> buildings plant, was one of many greatest buildings plant, was one of many greatest buildings in<00:08:58.160> the<00:08:58.320> world<00:08:58.880> below<00:08:59.200> a<00:08:59.440> single<00:08:59.680> roof<00:09:00.080> at<00:09:00.320> the on this planet below a single roof on the on this planet below a single roof on the time.<00:09:01.279> It<00:09:01.519> housed<00:09:01.839> miles<00:09:02.240> of<00:09:02.399> pipes<00:09:02.720> and time. It housed miles of pipes and time.

It housed miles of pipes and equipment<00:09:03.680> designed<00:09:04.080> to<00:09:04.240> filter<00:09:04.800> uranium<00:09:05.279> fuel equipment designed to filter uranium fuel equipment designed to filter uranium fuel stage<00:09:06.480> by<00:09:06.720> stage<00:09:07.440> to<00:09:07.760> slowly<00:09:08.240> enhance<00:09:08.560> the stage by stage to slowly enhance the stage by stage to slowly enhance the focus<00:09:09.680> of<00:09:09.920> U235. focus of U235. focus of U235. At<00:09:12.320> its<00:09:12.560> peak,<00:09:13.279> Oak<00:09:13.600> Ridge<00:09:13.920> consumed<00:09:14.399> an At its peak, Oak Ridge consumed an At its peak, Oak Ridge consumed an astonishing<00:09:15.200> quantity<00:09:15.440> of<00:09:15.600> the<00:09:15.839> nation’s astonishing quantity of the nation’s astonishing quantity of the nation’s electrical energy<00:09:17.200> and<00:09:17.440> employed<00:09:17.920> practically<00:09:18.320> 75,000 electrical energy and employed practically 75,000 electrical energy and employed practically 75,000 folks.<00:09:20.399> The<00:09:20.640> second<00:09:20.959> path<00:09:21.440> concerned<00:09:21.920> a<00:09:22.160> new folks. The second path concerned a brand new folks.

The second path concerned a brand new man-made<00:09:23.279> factor,<00:09:24.240> plutonium.<00:09:25.680> Scientists man-made factor, plutonium. Scientists man-made factor, plutonium. Scientists found<00:09:27.200> that<00:09:27.440> when<00:09:27.680> the<00:09:27.839> frequent<00:09:28.240> U238 found that when the frequent U238 found that when the frequent U238 isotope<00:09:30.080> absorbed<00:09:30.560> a<00:09:30.720> neutron,<00:09:31.519> it isotope absorbed a neutron, it isotope absorbed a neutron, it remodeled<00:09:32.480> into<00:09:32.800> plutonium<00:09:33.680> 239, remodeled into plutonium 239, remodeled into plutonium 239, this<00:09:35.600> new<00:09:35.839> factor<00:09:36.320> was<00:09:36.480> extremely<00:09:36.880> fistile<00:09:37.600> and this new factor was extremely fistile and this new factor was extremely fistile and will<00:09:38.080> be<00:09:38.240> created<00:09:38.720> in<00:09:38.959> a<00:09:39.120> nuclear<00:09:39.600> reactor. could possibly be created in a nuclear reactor. could possibly be created in a nuclear reactor.

The<00:09:40.880> benefit<00:09:41.360> was<00:09:41.600> that<00:09:41.760> it<00:09:42.000> might<00:09:42.160> be The benefit was that it could possibly be The benefit was that it could possibly be separated<00:09:42.800> from<00:09:43.120> uranium<00:09:43.680> chemically,<00:09:44.480> a separated from uranium chemically, a separated from uranium chemically, a a lot<00:09:45.040> less complicated<00:09:45.519> course of.<00:09:46.800> First<00:09:47.120> although,<00:09:47.680> they a lot less complicated course of. First although, they a lot less complicated course of. First although, that they had<00:09:48.080> to<00:09:48.240> show<00:09:48.480> a<00:09:48.720> self-sustaining<00:09:49.600> chain needed to show a self-sustaining chain needed to show a self-sustaining chain response<00:09:50.880> was<00:09:51.120> even<00:09:51.440> attainable.<00:09:52.480> On<00:09:52.800> December response was even attainable. On December response was even attainable.

On December 2nd,<00:09:53.680> 1942,<00:09:55.120> below<00:09:55.360> the<00:09:55.600> stands<00:09:55.920> of<00:09:56.080> the 2nd, 1942, below the stands of the 2nd, 1942, below the stands of the College<00:09:56.720> of<00:09:56.959> Chicago’s<00:09:57.600> soccer<00:09:58.000> discipline, College of Chicago’s soccer discipline, College of Chicago’s soccer discipline, Enrico<00:09:59.519> Fermy’s<00:10:00.080> crew<00:10:00.560> did<00:10:00.800> simply<00:10:01.040> that.<00:10:02.000> Their Enrico Fermy’s crew did simply that. Their Enrico Fermy’s crew did simply that. Their Chicago<00:10:02.880> Pile<00:10:03.360> One,<00:10:03.920> a<00:10:04.160> fastidiously<00:10:04.640> stacked Chicago Pile One, a fastidiously stacked Chicago Pile One, a fastidiously stacked pile<00:10:05.279> of<00:10:05.519> graphite<00:10:06.000> and<00:10:06.320> uranium,<00:10:07.120> went pile of graphite and uranium, went pile of graphite and uranium, went crucial.<00:10:08.560> Following<00:10:08.959> this<00:10:09.279> success, crucial. Following this success, crucial.

Following this success, one other<00:10:10.800> secret<00:10:11.120> metropolis<00:10:11.440> was<00:10:11.680> constructed,<00:10:12.560> this<00:10:12.800> time one other secret metropolis was constructed, this time one other secret metropolis was constructed, this time in<00:10:13.200> the<00:10:13.360> distant<00:10:13.600> desert<00:10:14.000> of<00:10:14.240> Washington within the distant desert of Washington within the distant desert of Washington State.<00:10:15.680> At<00:10:16.000> website<00:10:16.399> W<00:10:16.800> or<00:10:17.040> Hanford,<00:10:18.160> large State. At website W or Hanford, large State. At website W or Hanford, large nuclear<00:10:19.120> reactors<00:10:19.760> had been<00:10:20.000> constructed<00:10:20.240> to<00:10:20.480> create nuclear reactors had been constructed to create nuclear reactors had been constructed to create plutonium.<00:10:22.079> Tying<00:10:22.480> these<00:10:22.720> secret<00:10:23.120> cities plutonium. Tying these secret cities plutonium.

Tying these secret cities collectively<00:10:24.160> was<00:10:24.480> an<00:10:24.720> all-encompassing<00:10:25.600> veil<00:10:26.160> of collectively was an all-encompassing veil of collectively was an all-encompassing veil of secrecy.<00:10:27.600> Most<00:10:27.839> of<00:10:28.000> the<00:10:28.800> 130,000<00:10:29.600> folks<00:10:30.160> who secrecy. A lot of the 130,000 individuals who secrecy. A lot of the 130,000 individuals who labored<00:10:30.720> on<00:10:30.880> the<00:10:31.120> Manhattan<00:10:31.680> challenge<00:10:32.560> had<00:10:32.880> no labored on the Manhattan challenge had no labored on the Manhattan challenge had no concept<00:10:33.440> what<00:10:33.680> they<00:10:33.920> had been<00:10:34.079> constructing.<00:10:34.959> At concept what they had been constructing. At concept what they had been constructing.

At Oakidge,<00:10:36.160> billboards<00:10:36.800> reminded<00:10:37.200> them,<00:10:37.920> “What Oakidge, billboards reminded them, “What Oakidge, billboards reminded them, “What you<00:10:38.640> see<00:10:38.880> right here,<00:10:39.600> what<00:10:39.839> you<00:10:40.079> do<00:10:40.320> right here,<00:10:41.200> what<00:10:41.440> you you see right here, what you do right here, what you you see right here, what you do right here, what you hear<00:10:41.920> right here,<00:10:42.800> when<00:10:43.040> you<00:10:43.200> go away<00:10:43.440> right here,<00:10:44.320> let<00:10:44.480> it hear right here, while you go away right here, let it hear right here, while you go away right here, let it keep<00:10:45.040> right here.”<00:10:45.920> They<00:10:46.240> operated<00:10:46.800> complicated keep right here.” They operated complicated keep right here.” They operated complicated equipment<00:10:48.079> and<00:10:48.399> monitored<00:10:48.880> dials<00:10:49.760> with out equipment and monitored dials with out equipment and monitored dials with out understanding<00:10:50.720> the<00:10:51.040> closing<00:10:51.360> objective.<00:10:52.399> It<00:10:52.640> was understanding the ultimate objective. It was understanding the ultimate objective. It was a<00:10:52.959> compartmentalized<00:10:53.920> world<00:10:54.320> designed<00:10:54.720> by a compartmentalized world designed by a compartmentalized world designed by Normal<00:10:55.519> Groves<00:10:56.399> to<00:10:56.640> guarantee<00:10:56.959> that<00:10:57.200> solely<00:10:57.440> a Normal Groves to make sure that solely a Normal Groves to make sure that solely a choose<00:10:58.000> few<00:10:58.320> at<00:10:58.560> the<00:10:58.720> very<00:10:58.959> high<00:10:59.680> understood choose few on the very high understood choose few on the very high understood the<00:11:00.399> full<00:11:00.720> image.<00:11:01.680> This<00:11:01.920> hidden<00:11:02.320> industrial the complete image. This hidden industrial the complete image.

This hidden industrial empire<00:11:03.600> was<00:11:03.839> the<00:11:04.079> basis.<00:11:05.120> However<00:11:05.360> designing empire was the inspiration. However designing empire was the inspiration. However designing the<00:11:05.920> bomb<00:11:06.240> itself<00:11:07.040> would<00:11:07.360> require<00:11:07.760> a the bomb itself would require a the bomb itself would require a special<00:11:08.240> sort<00:11:08.480> of<00:11:08.720> place.<00:11:09.760> Whereas<00:11:10.000> the completely different form of place. Whereas the completely different form of place.

Whereas the factories<00:11:10.640> at<00:11:10.800> Oakidge<00:11:11.360> in<00:11:11.600> Hanford<00:11:12.160> churned factories at Oakidge in Hanford churned factories at Oakidge in Hanford churned out<00:11:12.720> the<00:11:12.880> gas,<00:11:13.519> the<00:11:13.760> challenge<00:11:14.160> wanted<00:11:14.480> a out the gas, the challenge wanted a out the gas, the challenge wanted a central<00:11:15.120> mind,<00:11:15.760> a<00:11:16.000> place<00:11:16.160> to<00:11:16.399> flip central mind, a spot to show central mind, a spot to show theoretical<00:11:17.279> physics<00:11:17.760> into<00:11:18.160> sensible theoretical physics into sensible theoretical physics into sensible engineering.<00:11:19.760> Normal<00:11:20.240> Groves<00:11:21.040> knew<00:11:21.360> he engineering. Normal Groves knew he engineering. Normal Groves knew he wanted<00:11:21.920> a<00:11:22.079> secret<00:11:22.800> distant<00:11:23.200> laboratory<00:11:24.160> the place wanted a secret distant laboratory the place wanted a secret distant laboratory the place the<00:11:24.640> world’s<00:11:25.040> most<00:11:25.279> good<00:11:25.760> scientists the world’s most good scientists the world’s most good scientists might<00:11:26.720> be<00:11:26.880> targeted<00:11:27.200> on<00:11:27.360> a<00:11:27.600> single<00:11:27.839> activity.<00:11:28.880> The could possibly be targeted on a single activity. The could possibly be targeted on a single activity.

The person<00:11:29.360> chosen<00:11:29.760> to<00:11:29.920> lead<00:11:30.160> this<00:11:30.480> new<00:11:30.720> lab,<00:11:31.760> J. man chosen to guide this new lab, J. man chosen to guide this new lab, J. Robert<00:11:32.399> Oppenheimer,<00:11:33.519> discovered<00:11:33.760> the<00:11:34.000> good Robert Oppenheimer, discovered the right Robert Oppenheimer, discovered the right spot<00:11:34.640> on<00:11:34.800> a<00:11:35.040> distant<00:11:35.360> messa<00:11:35.920> in<00:11:36.160> the<00:11:36.320> New<00:11:36.560> Mexico spot on a distant messa within the New Mexico spot on a distant messa within the New Mexico desert,<00:11:37.760> the<00:11:38.000> Los<00:11:38.240> Alamos<00:11:38.800> Ranch<00:11:39.120> College.<00:11:39.920> In desert, the Los Alamos Ranch College. In desert, the Los Alamos Ranch College.

In late<00:11:40.560> 1942, late 1942, late 1942, the<00:11:42.320> authorities<00:11:42.800> acquired<00:11:43.200> the<00:11:43.440> website<00:11:43.920> and<00:11:44.160> a the federal government acquired the location and a the federal government acquired the location and a frantic<00:11:44.800> interval<00:11:45.120> of<00:11:45.360> development<00:11:46.000> started. frantic interval of development started. frantic interval of development started. Venture<00:11:47.519> Y,<00:11:48.399> as<00:11:48.560> it<00:11:48.800> was<00:11:48.959> coding<00:11:49.279> named<00:11:49.920> would Venture Y, because it was coding named would Venture Y, because it was coding named would quickly<00:11:50.399> be<00:11:50.640> dwelling<00:11:50.880> to<00:11:51.040> an<00:11:51.279> unparalleled quickly be dwelling to an unparalleled quickly be dwelling to an unparalleled assortment<00:11:52.480> of<00:11:52.720> scientific<00:11:53.360> minds. assortment of scientific minds. assortment of scientific minds.

Oppenheimer<00:11:55.200> proved<00:11:55.519> to<00:11:55.760> be<00:11:55.839> a<00:11:56.079> masterful Oppenheimer proved to be a masterful Oppenheimer proved to be a masterful recruiter,<00:11:57.600> convincing<00:11:58.160> high<00:11:58.480> physicists, recruiter, convincing high physicists, recruiter, convincing high physicists, chemists,<00:12:00.399> and<00:12:00.720> engineers<00:12:01.200> to<00:12:01.440> uproot<00:12:01.839> their chemists, and engineers to uproot their chemists, and engineers to uproot their lives<00:12:02.560> for<00:12:02.800> a<00:12:03.040> job<00:12:03.279> he<00:12:03.600> might<00:12:03.680> barely lives for a job he might barely lives for a job he might barely describe.<00:12:05.279> He<00:12:05.519> introduced<00:12:05.760> in<00:12:06.000> Nobel<00:12:06.480> laureates describe. He introduced in Nobel laureates describe. He introduced in Nobel laureates like<00:12:07.440> Enrico<00:12:08.079> Fairmy,<00:12:08.959> good<00:12:09.440> minds<00:12:09.839> like like Enrico Fairmy, good minds like like Enrico Fairmy, good minds like Hans<00:12:10.480> Batty,<00:12:11.120> and<00:12:11.360> a<00:12:11.519> brash<00:12:11.839> younger<00:12:12.079> physicist Hans Batty, and a brash younger physicist Hans Batty, and a brash younger physicist named<00:12:13.040> Richard<00:12:13.519> Fineman.<00:12:14.639> The<00:12:14.880> dynamic named Richard Fineman. The dynamic named Richard Fineman.

The dynamic between<00:12:15.680> the<00:12:15.920> stern,<00:12:16.880> pragmatic<00:12:17.519> Normal between the strict, pragmatic Normal between the strict, pragmatic Normal Groves<00:12:18.639> and<00:12:18.800> the<00:12:19.040> charismatic,<00:12:20.000> mental Groves and the charismatic, mental Groves and the charismatic, mental Oppenheimer<00:12:21.519> was<00:12:21.760> a<00:12:22.000> research<00:12:22.240> in<00:12:22.560> contrasts, Oppenheimer was a research in contrasts, Oppenheimer was a research in contrasts, however<00:12:23.760> their<00:12:24.000> unlikely<00:12:24.639> partnership<00:12:25.279> drove<00:12:25.600> the however their unlikely partnership drove the however their unlikely partnership drove the challenge<00:12:26.240> ahead.<00:12:27.279> Regardless of<00:12:27.760> Oppenheimer’s challenge ahead. Regardless of Oppenheimer’s challenge ahead. Regardless of Oppenheimer’s lack<00:12:28.800> of<00:12:28.959> administrative<00:12:29.760> expertise,<00:12:30.880> Grove lack of administrative expertise, Grove lack of administrative expertise, Grove noticed<00:12:31.600> the<00:12:31.760> genius<00:12:32.399> and<00:12:32.639> overweening<00:12:33.360> ambition noticed the genius and overweening ambition noticed the genius and overweening ambition wanted<00:12:34.639> to<00:12:34.880> get<00:12:35.040> the<00:12:35.279> job<00:12:35.600> performed.<00:12:36.480> It<00:12:36.800> was,<00:12:37.279> as wanted to get the job performed. It was, as wanted to get the job performed.

It was, as one<00:12:37.839> colleague<00:12:38.320> later<00:12:38.639> mentioned,<00:12:39.519> a<00:12:39.760> actual<00:12:40.000> stroke one colleague later mentioned, an actual stroke one colleague later mentioned, an actual stroke of<00:12:40.560> genius<00:12:40.880> on<00:12:41.120> the<00:12:41.279> half<00:12:41.440> of<00:12:41.600> Normal<00:12:42.000> Groves, of genius on the a part of Normal Groves, of genius on the a part of Normal Groves, who<00:12:43.120> was<00:12:43.360> not<00:12:43.600> usually<00:12:44.079> thought of<00:12:44.560> to<00:12:44.720> be<00:12:44.800> a who was not usually thought of to be a who was not usually thought of to be a genius.<00:12:46.160> Life<00:12:46.480> at<00:12:46.639> Los<00:12:46.959> Alamos<00:12:47.680> was<00:12:47.920> a genius. Life at Los Alamos was a genius. Life at Los Alamos was a paradox.<00:12:49.360> It<00:12:49.600> was<00:12:49.680> an<00:12:49.920> remoted,<00:12:50.800> closely paradox. It was an remoted, closely paradox.

It was an remoted, closely guarded<00:12:51.680> army<00:12:52.240> put up.<00:12:52.880> But<00:12:53.200> inside<00:12:53.600> the guarded army put up. But contained in the guarded army put up. But contained in the gates,<00:12:54.639> Oppenheimer<00:12:55.600> fostered<00:12:56.000> an gates, Oppenheimer fostered an gates, Oppenheimer fostered an environment<00:12:56.720> of<00:12:56.959> intense<00:12:57.680> open environment of intense open environment of intense open collaboration.<00:12:59.440> The<00:12:59.680> scientists<00:13:00.320> labored collaboration. The scientists labored collaboration.

The scientists labored with<00:13:00.800> a<00:13:00.959> feverish<00:13:01.519> depth<00:13:02.560> pushed<00:13:02.880> by<00:13:03.040> the with a feverish depth pushed by the with a feverish depth pushed by the worry<00:13:03.519> that<00:13:03.839> Germany<00:13:04.240> was<00:13:04.399> forward<00:13:04.720> in<00:13:04.880> the<00:13:05.040> race worry that Germany was forward within the race worry that Germany was forward within the race for<00:13:05.440> the<00:13:05.600> bomb.<00:13:06.480> The<00:13:06.720> lab<00:13:07.040> was<00:13:07.279> targeted<00:13:07.680> on for the bomb. The lab was targeted on for the bomb. The lab was targeted on fixing<00:13:08.320> two<00:13:08.639> issues. fixing two issues. fixing two issues.

The<00:13:10.399> first<00:13:10.639> was<00:13:10.880> the<00:13:11.120> gun<00:13:11.440> kind<00:13:11.760> design<00:13:12.160> for The primary was the gun kind design for The primary was the gun kind design for the<00:13:12.639> uranium<00:13:13.120> bomb.<00:13:14.000> The<00:13:14.240> idea<00:13:14.639> was the uranium bomb. The idea was the uranium bomb. The idea was easy.<00:13:15.920> Fireplace<00:13:16.320> one<00:13:16.639> subcritical<00:13:17.440> piece<00:13:17.760> of easy. Fireplace one subcritical piece of easy.

Fireplace one subcritical piece of U235<00:13:19.360> into<00:13:19.760> one other<00:13:20.399> to<00:13:20.720> create<00:13:20.959> a<00:13:21.200> crucial U235 into one other to create a crucial U235 into one other to create a crucial mass.<00:13:22.639> This<00:13:22.880> design<00:13:23.279> was<00:13:23.519> thought of<00:13:24.000> so mass. This design was thought of so mass. This design was thought of so dependable<00:13:25.279> it<00:13:25.600> would not<00:13:25.920> want<00:13:26.160> a<00:13:26.399> full<00:13:26.720> scale dependable it would not want a full scale dependable it would not want a full scale check.<00:13:28.000> The<00:13:28.320> bomb<00:13:28.639> was<00:13:28.800> nicknamed<00:13:29.839> Little<00:13:30.160> Boy. check. The bomb was nicknamed Little Boy.

check. The bomb was nicknamed Little Boy. The<00:13:31.279> plutonium<00:13:32.000> bomb<00:13:32.399> was<00:13:32.720> far<00:13:33.040> extra<00:13:33.360> complicated. The plutonium bomb was much more complicated. The plutonium bomb was much more complicated.

Plutonium<00:13:35.279> from<00:13:35.519> the<00:13:35.680> reactors<00:13:36.399> was<00:13:36.720> inclined<00:13:37.040> to Plutonium from the reactors was liable to Plutonium from the reactors was liable to pre-detonation. pre-detonation. pre-detonation. A<00:13:38.959> gun-type<00:13:39.600> design<00:13:40.079> would<00:13:40.320> be<00:13:40.480> too<00:13:40.720> sluggish.<00:13:41.519> The A gun-type design can be too sluggish.

The A gun-type design can be too sluggish. The bomb<00:13:42.000> would<00:13:42.160> fizzle.<00:13:43.040> A<00:13:43.279> radical<00:13:43.760> new bomb would fizzle. A radical new bomb would fizzle. A radical new answer<00:13:44.480> was<00:13:44.720> wanted.<00:13:45.680> Implosion.<00:13:46.880> A<00:13:47.040> hole answer was wanted.

Implosion. A hole answer was wanted. Implosion. A hole sphere<00:13:47.760> of<00:13:48.000> plutonium<00:13:48.800> would<00:13:49.040> be<00:13:49.200> surrounded sphere of plutonium can be surrounded sphere of plutonium can be surrounded by<00:13:49.920> exactly<00:13:50.560> formed<00:13:50.959> explosives.<00:13:52.240> When by exactly formed explosives.

When by exactly formed explosives. When detonated,<00:13:53.519> they<00:13:53.760> would<00:13:53.920> create<00:13:54.160> a<00:13:54.399> completely detonated, they might create a superbly detonated, they might create a superbly symmetrical<00:13:55.519> shock<00:13:55.920> wave,<00:13:56.720> crushing<00:13:57.120> the symmetrical shock wave, crushing the symmetrical shock wave, crushing the plutonium<00:13:58.000> core<00:13:58.560> and<00:13:58.880> forcing<00:13:59.279> it<00:13:59.440> to<00:13:59.600> go plutonium core and forcing it to go plutonium core and forcing it to go crucial.<00:14:00.800> It<00:14:01.040> was<00:14:01.199> an<00:14:01.440> concept<00:14:01.760> of<00:14:02.000> staggering crucial. It was an concept of staggering crucial. It was an concept of staggering technical<00:14:03.120> issue.<00:14:04.399> This<00:14:04.720> complicated technical issue.

This complicated technical issue. This complicated machine,<00:14:05.920> nicknamed<00:14:06.560> Fats<00:14:06.959> Man,<00:14:07.519> was<00:14:07.680> a<00:14:07.920> lab’s machine, nicknamed Fats Man, was a lab’s machine, nicknamed Fats Man, was a lab’s best<00:14:08.720> problem.<00:14:09.760> As<00:14:10.000> the<00:14:10.160> months<00:14:10.560> turned best problem. Because the months turned best problem. Because the months turned to<00:14:11.040> years,<00:14:11.839> the<00:14:12.079> scientists<00:14:12.560> at<00:14:12.720> Los<00:14:13.040> Alamos to years, the scientists at Los Alamos to years, the scientists at Los Alamos labored<00:14:13.920> in opposition to<00:14:14.160> the<00:14:14.399> clock,<00:14:15.199> sure<00:14:15.519> that labored in opposition to the clock, sure that labored in opposition to the clock, sure that the<00:14:15.920> destiny<00:14:16.240> of<00:14:16.399> the<00:14:16.560> world<00:14:17.040> depended<00:14:17.519> on<00:14:17.760> their the destiny of the world relied on their the destiny of the world relied on their success.<00:14:19.199> As<00:14:19.440> the<00:14:19.680> scientists<00:14:20.160> in<00:14:20.399> New<00:14:20.639> Mexico success.

Because the scientists in New Mexico success. Because the scientists in New Mexico raced<00:14:21.600> to<00:14:21.760> good<00:14:22.079> their<00:14:22.320> weapons,<00:14:23.199> the raced to good their weapons, the raced to good their weapons, the world<00:14:23.839> outdoors<00:14:24.399> was<00:14:24.720> altering.<00:14:25.600> By<00:14:25.839> the world outdoors was altering. By the world outdoors was altering. By the spring<00:14:26.320> of<00:14:26.560> 1945, spring of 1945, spring of 1945, Allied<00:14:28.639> forces<00:14:29.040> had been<00:14:29.279> closing<00:14:29.600> in<00:14:30.079> on<00:14:30.399> Nazi Allied forces had been closing in on Nazi Allied forces had been closing in on Nazi Germany.<00:14:31.839> The<00:14:32.079> authentic<00:14:32.639> driving<00:14:33.040> worry<00:14:33.360> of Germany.

The unique driving worry of Germany. The unique driving worry of the<00:14:33.680> Manhattan<00:14:34.320> challenge<00:14:35.120> that<00:14:35.360> Hitler<00:14:35.839> would the Manhattan challenge that Hitler would the Manhattan challenge that Hitler would get<00:14:36.240> the<00:14:36.399> bomb<00:14:36.800> first<00:14:37.360> was<00:14:37.600> fading.<00:14:38.560> Allied get the bomb first was fading. Allied get the bomb first was fading. Allied intelligence<00:14:39.600> groups<00:14:40.079> discovered<00:14:40.320> little<00:14:40.639> proof intelligence groups discovered little proof intelligence groups discovered little proof of<00:14:41.199> a<00:14:41.440> critical<00:14:41.920> German<00:14:42.320> nuclear<00:14:42.880> program. of a critical German nuclear program.

of a critical German nuclear program. Then<00:14:44.800> on<00:14:45.040> Might<00:14:45.360> seventh,<00:14:45.920> 1945,<00:14:47.360> Germany Then on Might seventh, 1945, Germany Then on Might seventh, 1945, Germany formally<00:14:48.399> surrendered.<00:14:49.519> The<00:14:49.760> warfare<00:14:50.079> in formally surrendered. The warfare in formally surrendered. The warfare in Europe<00:14:50.720> was<00:14:50.959> over.<00:14:51.760> For<00:14:52.079> many<00:14:52.240> of<00:14:52.399> the Europe was over.

For most of the Europe was over. For most of the scientists,<00:14:53.440> the<00:14:53.680> information<00:14:54.000> was<00:14:54.160> met<00:14:54.480> with<00:14:54.639> a scientists, the information was met with a scientists, the information was met with a fancy<00:14:55.360> combine<00:14:55.600> of<00:14:55.839> aid<00:14:56.480> and<00:14:56.800> profound complicated mixture of aid and profound complicated mixture of aid and profound unease.<00:14:58.480> The<00:14:58.800> main<00:14:59.199> purpose<00:14:59.519> for<00:14:59.760> their unease. The first purpose for his or her unease. The first purpose for his or her work<00:15:00.399> had<00:15:00.639> vanished.<00:15:01.680> There<00:15:01.920> was<00:15:02.079> no<00:15:02.320> longer<00:15:02.560> a piece had vanished.

There was now not a piece had vanished. There was now not a race<00:15:03.120> in opposition to<00:15:03.440> Hitler.<00:15:04.560> This<00:15:04.800> created<00:15:05.279> a race in opposition to Hitler. This created a race in opposition to Hitler. This created a sudden<00:15:05.920> ethical<00:15:06.399> disaster.<00:15:07.600> With<00:15:07.839> the<00:15:08.079> authentic sudden ethical disaster.

With the unique sudden ethical disaster. With the unique enemy<00:15:08.800> defeated,<00:15:09.839> what<00:15:10.079> was<00:15:10.320> the<00:15:10.480> objective<00:15:10.720> of enemy defeated, what was the aim of enemy defeated, what was the aim of the<00:15:11.040> bomb?<00:15:12.000> The<00:15:12.240> challenge<00:15:12.639> had<00:15:12.880> constructed<00:15:13.120> up<00:15:13.279> a the bomb? The challenge had constructed up a the bomb? The challenge had constructed up a colossal<00:15:13.920> momentum,<00:15:14.880> a<00:15:15.199> $2<00:15:15.440> billion<00:15:16.160> machine colossal momentum, a $2 billion machine colossal momentum, a $2 billion machine on<00:15:16.959> the<00:15:17.120> cusp<00:15:17.440> of<00:15:17.600> success.<00:15:19.040> Had<00:15:19.279> it<00:15:19.440> taken<00:15:19.600> on on the cusp of success.

Had it taken on on the cusp of success. Had it taken on a<00:15:20.000> life<00:15:20.160> of<00:15:20.320> its<00:15:20.560> personal?<00:15:21.279> A<00:15:21.519> group<00:15:21.680> of<00:15:21.920> scientists a lifetime of its personal? A gaggle of scientists a lifetime of its personal? A gaggle of scientists in<00:15:22.639> Chicago,<00:15:23.279> turned<00:15:23.680> more and more<00:15:24.399> vocal. in Chicago, turned more and more vocal.

in Chicago, turned more and more vocal. Leo<00:15:25.839> Zeard,<00:15:26.880> the<00:15:27.120> man<00:15:27.279> who<00:15:27.440> had<00:15:27.680> began<00:15:28.000> it Leo Zeard, the person who had began it Leo Zeard, the person who had began all of it<00:15:28.399> with<00:15:28.560> his<00:15:28.800> letter<00:15:28.959> to<00:15:29.199> Roosevelt,<00:15:30.240> was all along with his letter to Roosevelt, was all along with his letter to Roosevelt, was now<00:15:30.720> one<00:15:30.959> of<00:15:31.040> the<00:15:31.199> challenge’s<00:15:31.760> most<00:15:32.000> passionate now one of many challenge’s most passionate now one of many challenge’s most passionate critics.<00:15:33.600> He<00:15:33.920> drafted<00:15:34.320> the<00:15:34.480> Zeard<00:15:35.120> petition critics. He drafted the Zeard petition critics. He drafted the Zeard petition signed<00:15:36.399> by<00:15:36.639> dozens<00:15:37.040> of<00:15:37.279> scientists<00:15:38.399> arguing signed by dozens of scientists arguing signed by dozens of scientists arguing in opposition to<00:15:39.360> utilizing<00:15:39.600> the<00:15:39.839> bomb<00:15:40.160> on<00:15:40.399> a<00:15:40.639> Japanese in opposition to utilizing the bomb on a Japanese in opposition to utilizing the bomb on a Japanese metropolis.<00:15:41.920> They<00:15:42.160> begged<00:15:42.560> President<00:15:43.040> Truman,<00:15:43.839> who metropolis.

They begged President Truman, who metropolis. They begged President Truman, who had<00:15:44.320> taken<00:15:44.560> workplace<00:15:44.880> after<00:15:45.199> Roosevelt’s had taken workplace after Roosevelt’s had taken workplace after Roosevelt’s loss of life,<00:15:46.639> to<00:15:46.880> first<00:15:47.199> show<00:15:47.680> the<00:15:47.920> bomb’s loss of life, to first show the bomb’s loss of life, to first show the bomb’s energy<00:15:48.720> in<00:15:49.040> an<00:15:49.199> unpopulated<00:15:50.079> space.<00:15:51.120> These energy in an unpopulated space. These energy in an unpopulated space. These issues<00:15:52.000> had been<00:15:52.240> introduced<00:15:52.480> earlier than<00:15:52.800> a<00:15:53.040> secret issues had been introduced earlier than a secret issues had been introduced earlier than a secret physique<00:15:54.240> recognized<00:15:54.560> as<00:15:54.720> the<00:15:54.959> interim<00:15:55.440> committee, physique often known as the interim committee, physique often known as the interim committee, which<00:15:56.399> included<00:15:56.959> Oppenheimer<00:15:57.839> and<00:15:58.079> Fairmy. which included Oppenheimer and Fairmy.

which included Oppenheimer and Fairmy. The<00:15:59.040> choice<00:15:59.360> of<00:15:59.519> a<00:15:59.600> non-lethal<00:16:00.320> demonstration The choice of a non-lethal demonstration The choice of a non-lethal demonstration was<00:16:01.519> significantly<00:16:02.000> thought of<00:16:02.800> however<00:16:03.199> finally was significantly thought of however finally was significantly thought of however finally rejected.<00:16:04.720> What<00:16:04.959> if<00:16:05.120> the<00:16:05.360> bomb<00:16:05.600> was<00:16:05.759> a<00:16:05.920> dud? rejected. What if the bomb was a dud? rejected.

What if the bomb was a dud? The<00:16:06.880> shock<00:16:07.279> worth<00:16:07.680> would<00:16:07.920> be<00:16:08.079> misplaced.<00:16:09.120> What<00:16:09.279> if The shock worth can be misplaced. What if The shock worth can be misplaced. What if the<00:16:09.680> Japanese<00:16:10.240> moved<00:16:10.639> American<00:16:11.120> pose<00:16:11.680> into the Japanese moved American pose into the Japanese moved American pose into the<00:16:12.160> space?<00:16:13.120> They<00:16:13.360> concluded<00:16:14.000> that<00:16:14.240> a the world?

They concluded {that a} the world? They concluded {that a} demonstration<00:16:15.199> was<00:16:15.440> too<00:16:15.680> dangerous<00:16:16.320> and<00:16:16.639> would possibly demonstration was too dangerous and would possibly demonstration was too dangerous and may not<00:16:17.120> be<00:16:17.279> sufficient<00:16:17.600> to<00:16:17.839> compel<00:16:18.240> Japan<00:16:18.800> give up. not be sufficient to compel Japan give up. not be sufficient to compel Japan give up. The<00:16:20.000> committee<00:16:20.399> really useful<00:16:21.040> utilizing<00:16:21.279> the<00:16:21.440> bomb The committee really useful utilizing the bomb The committee really useful utilizing the bomb on<00:16:21.920> a<00:16:22.079> metropolis<00:16:22.320> with out<00:16:22.720> prior<00:16:23.120> warning<00:16:23.920> on<00:16:24.160> a on a metropolis with out prior warning on a on a metropolis with out prior warning on a army<00:16:24.800> facility<00:16:25.600> surrounded<00:16:26.079> by<00:16:26.320> civilian army facility surrounded by civilian army facility surrounded by civilian houses.<00:16:28.079> The<00:16:28.320> focus<00:16:28.639> of<00:16:28.800> the<00:16:28.959> warfare<00:16:29.600> and<00:16:29.920> the houses.

The main target of the warfare and the houses. The main target of the warfare and the aim<00:16:30.320> of<00:16:30.480> the<00:16:30.720> bomb<00:16:31.360> had<00:16:31.600> shifted<00:16:32.160> solely objective of the bomb had shifted solely objective of the bomb had shifted solely to<00:16:32.959> the<00:16:33.120> Pacific.<00:16:34.079> The<00:16:34.320> warfare<00:16:34.639> in opposition to<00:16:35.040> Japan to the Pacific. The warfare in opposition to Japan to the Pacific. The warfare in opposition to Japan was<00:16:36.079> nonetheless<00:16:36.399> raging<00:16:36.800> with<00:16:37.040> unimaginable was nonetheless raging with unimaginable was nonetheless raging with unimaginable ferocity.<00:16:39.040> The<00:16:39.279> bloody<00:16:39.680> island<00:16:40.079> hopping ferocity.

The bloody island hopping ferocity. The bloody island hopping campaigns<00:16:41.519> and<00:16:41.680> the<00:16:41.920> emergence<00:16:42.320> of<00:16:42.560> kamicazi campaigns and the emergence of kamicazi campaigns and the emergence of kamicazi assaults<00:16:44.160> painted<00:16:44.480> a<00:16:44.639> grim<00:16:44.959> image<00:16:45.279> of<00:16:45.440> an assaults painted a grim image of an assaults painted a grim image of an invasion.<00:16:46.720> The<00:16:46.959> bomb<00:16:47.279> was<00:16:47.519> no<00:16:47.759> longer<00:16:48.079> about invasion. The bomb was now not about invasion. The bomb was now not about stopping<00:16:48.800> a<00:16:48.959> Nazi<00:16:49.360> apocalypse.<00:16:50.720> It<00:16:50.959> was<00:16:51.120> now stopping a Nazi apocalypse.

It was now stopping a Nazi apocalypse. It was now about<00:16:51.600> ending<00:16:51.920> the<00:16:52.160> warfare<00:16:52.399> with<00:16:52.720> Japan<00:16:53.680> and<00:16:53.920> in about ending the warfare with Japan and in about ending the warfare with Japan and within the<00:16:54.320> minds<00:16:54.560> of<00:16:54.720> the<00:16:54.880> resolution<00:16:55.279> makers,<00:16:56.000> saving the minds of the choice makers, saving the minds of the choice makers, saving American<00:16:56.959> lives.<00:16:58.000> The<00:16:58.240> ethical<00:16:58.639> calculus<00:16:59.199> had American lives. The ethical calculus had American lives. The ethical calculus had modified.<00:17:00.480> With<00:17:00.800> Germany<00:17:01.279> defeated,<00:17:02.160> the<00:17:02.399> full modified.

With Germany defeated, the complete modified. With Germany defeated, the complete would possibly<00:17:02.959> of<00:17:03.040> the<00:17:03.199> Allies<00:17:03.759> turned<00:17:04.079> towards<00:17:04.559> Japan. would possibly of the Allies turned towards Japan. would possibly of the Allies turned towards Japan. The<00:17:05.839> battles<00:17:06.160> for<00:17:06.400> Aoima<00:17:07.360> and<00:17:07.600> Okinawa<00:17:08.480> in<00:17:08.720> the The battles for Aoima and Okinawa within the The battles for Aoima and Okinawa within the spring<00:17:09.120> of<00:17:09.360> 1945<00:17:10.720> had been<00:17:10.959> a<00:17:11.199> horrific<00:17:11.679> preview spring of 1945 had been a horrific preview spring of 1945 had been a horrific preview of<00:17:12.319> what<00:17:12.559> an<00:17:12.720> invasion<00:17:13.120> of<00:17:13.280> the<00:17:13.439> mainland of what an invasion of the mainland of what an invasion of the mainland would<00:17:14.160> be<00:17:14.319> like.<00:17:15.120> On<00:17:15.439> Okinawa,<00:17:16.400> the<00:17:16.640> preventing can be like.

On Okinawa, the preventing can be like. On Okinawa, the preventing was<00:17:17.120> savage.<00:17:18.319> Japanese<00:17:18.880> troopers<00:17:19.360> fought<00:17:19.679> to was savage. Japanese troopers fought to was savage. Japanese troopers fought to the<00:17:20.000> final<00:17:20.319> man<00:17:20.959> and<00:17:21.199> tens<00:17:21.520> of<00:17:21.760> hundreds<00:17:22.079> of the final man and tens of hundreds of the final man and tens of hundreds of civilians<00:17:22.880> died,<00:17:23.679> many<00:17:24.079> taking<00:17:24.319> their<00:17:24.559> personal civilians died, many taking their very own civilians died, many taking their very own lives.<00:17:25.839> The<00:17:26.160> US<00:17:26.640> army<00:17:27.199> suffered lives.

The US army suffered lives. The US army suffered staggering<00:17:28.240> casualties.<00:17:29.679> Planners<00:17:30.160> had been staggering casualties. Planners had been staggering casualties. Planners had been mapping<00:17:30.720> out<00:17:30.960> Operation<00:17:31.520> Downfall,<00:17:32.559> the mapping out Operation Downfall, the mapping out Operation Downfall, the Allied<00:17:33.200> invasion<00:17:33.679> of<00:17:33.919> Japan’s<00:17:34.480> dwelling<00:17:34.799> islands. Allied invasion of Japan’s dwelling islands.

Allied invasion of Japan’s dwelling islands. It<00:17:36.160> would<00:17:36.400> be<00:17:36.559> the<00:17:36.720> largest<00:17:37.280> amphibious It could be the most important amphibious It could be the most important amphibious assault<00:17:38.400> in<00:17:38.640> historical past.<00:17:39.679> Casualty<00:17:40.240> estimates assault in historical past. Casualty estimates assault in historical past. Casualty estimates had been<00:17:40.960> chilling,<00:17:41.840> projecting<00:17:42.400> up<00:17:42.559> to<00:17:42.720> a had been chilling, projecting as much as a had been chilling, projecting as much as one million<00:17:43.280> Allied<00:17:43.760> casualties<00:17:44.640> and<00:17:44.960> tens of millions million Allied casualties and tens of millions million Allied casualties and tens of millions of<00:17:45.600> Japanese<00:17:46.160> casualties.<00:17:47.360> The<00:17:47.600> Japanese of Japanese casualties.

The Japanese of Japanese casualties. The Japanese management<00:17:48.640> was<00:17:48.960> making ready<00:17:49.360> the<00:17:49.600> whole management was making ready all the management was making ready all the inhabitants<00:17:50.960> for<00:17:51.200> a<00:17:51.440> closing<00:17:51.760> battle,<00:17:52.640> coaching inhabitants for a closing battle, coaching inhabitants for a closing battle, coaching ladies<00:17:53.280> and<00:17:53.600> kids<00:17:54.160> to<00:17:54.400> combat<00:17:54.640> with<00:17:54.880> bamboo ladies and youngsters to combat with bamboo ladies and youngsters to combat with bamboo spears.<00:17:56.480> The<00:17:56.720> prospect<00:17:57.200> was<00:17:57.360> a<00:17:57.520> massacre.<00:17:58.799> It spears. The prospect was a massacre. It spears.

The prospect was a massacre. It was<00:17:59.200> in<00:17:59.360> this<00:17:59.600> context<00:18:00.160> that<00:18:00.559> President<00:18:00.960> Harry was on this context that President Harry was on this context that President Harry Truman,<00:18:02.240> Prime<00:18:02.480> Minister<00:18:02.880> Winston Truman, Prime Minister Winston Truman, Prime Minister Winston Churchill,<00:18:04.160> and<00:18:04.400> Soviet<00:18:04.880> Premier<00:18:05.280> Joseph Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin<00:18:06.480> met<00:18:06.799> in<00:18:07.039> Pottstown,<00:18:07.760> Germany<00:18:08.480> in<00:18:08.799> July Stalin met in Pottstown, Germany in July Stalin met in Pottstown, Germany in July 1945. 1945. 1945.

Truman<00:18:11.520> had<00:18:11.760> simply<00:18:12.000> obtained<00:18:12.400> phrase<00:18:12.880> that<00:18:13.120> the Truman had simply obtained phrase that the Truman had simply obtained phrase that the key<00:18:13.679> check<00:18:14.000> of<00:18:14.160> the<00:18:14.240> atomic<00:18:14.720> bomb<00:18:15.280> had<00:18:15.520> been secret check of the atomic bomb had been secret check of the atomic bomb had been a<00:18:15.919> beautiful<00:18:16.320> success.<00:18:17.520> This<00:18:17.760> new<00:18:18.080> horrible a surprising success. This new horrible a surprising success. This new horrible energy<00:18:18.960> now<00:18:19.200> factored<00:18:19.600> closely<00:18:20.000> into<00:18:20.320> his energy now factored closely into his energy now factored closely into his calculations.<00:18:22.000> On<00:18:22.320> July<00:18:22.799> twenty sixth,<00:18:23.679> the<00:18:23.919> Allies calculations. On July twenty sixth, the Allies calculations.

On July twenty sixth, the Allies issued<00:18:24.720> the<00:18:24.880> Potdam<00:18:25.600> Declaration,<00:18:26.720> a<00:18:27.039> closing issued the Potdam Declaration, a closing issued the Potdam Declaration, a closing ultimatum<00:18:27.919> to<00:18:28.160> Japan.<00:18:29.120> It<00:18:29.440> referred to as<00:18:29.679> for ultimatum to Japan. It referred to as for ultimatum to Japan. It referred to as for unconditional<00:18:30.799> give up,<00:18:31.840> warning<00:18:32.160> that unconditional give up, warning that unconditional give up, warning that the<00:18:32.640> different<00:18:33.200> was<00:18:33.919> immediate<00:18:34.559> and<00:18:34.880> utter the choice was immediate and utter the choice was immediate and utter destruction.<00:18:36.240> The<00:18:36.480> phrase<00:18:36.799> was<00:18:36.960> a<00:18:37.200> veiled<00:18:37.520> however destruction. The phrase was a veiled however destruction.

The phrase was a veiled however unmistakable<00:18:38.640> menace.<00:18:39.600> The<00:18:39.840> Japanese unmistakable menace. The Japanese unmistakable menace. The Japanese authorities’s<00:18:40.960> response<00:18:41.600> was<00:18:41.919> tragic. authorities’s response was tragic. authorities’s response was tragic.

Internally,<00:18:43.919> the<00:18:44.160> management<00:18:44.640> was<00:18:44.960> divided. Internally, the management was divided. Internally, the management was divided. A<00:18:46.160> peace<00:18:46.480> faction<00:18:46.880> sought<00:18:47.120> a<00:18:47.360> approach<00:18:47.520> to<00:18:47.679> finish<00:18:47.840> the A peace faction sought a approach to finish the A peace faction sought a approach to finish the warfare,<00:18:48.799> whereas<00:18:49.039> a<00:18:49.280> hardline<00:18:49.840> army<00:18:50.320> faction warfare, whereas a hardline army faction warfare, whereas a hardline army faction was<00:18:51.039> decided<00:18:51.440> to<00:18:51.679> combat<00:18:51.919> on,<00:18:52.640> believing was decided to combat on, believing was decided to combat on, believing one<00:18:53.440> closing<00:18:54.160> apocalyptic<00:18:54.960> battle<00:18:55.520> would<00:18:55.840> drive one closing apocalyptic battle would drive one closing apocalyptic battle would drive the<00:18:56.400> allies<00:18:56.799> to<00:18:57.039> provide<00:18:57.360> higher<00:18:57.679> phrases.<00:18:58.720> When the allies to supply higher phrases. When the allies to supply higher phrases.

When the<00:18:59.120> Potam<00:18:59.760> declaration<00:19:00.320> was<00:19:00.640> obtained, the Potam declaration was obtained, the Potam declaration was obtained, Prime<00:19:01.919> Minister<00:19:02.400> Kantaro<00:19:03.120> Suzuki<00:19:04.160> publicly Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki publicly Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki publicly acknowledged<00:19:04.960> that<00:19:05.200> his<00:19:05.440> authorities<00:19:05.840> would<00:19:06.080> deal with acknowledged that his authorities would deal with acknowledged that his authorities would deal with it<00:19:06.559> with<00:19:06.880> Makasatu.<00:19:08.160> It is<00:19:08.480> a<00:19:08.640> Japanese<00:19:09.200> phrase it with Makasatu. It is a Japanese phrase it with Makasatu. It is a Japanese phrase with<00:19:09.760> a<00:19:10.000> fateful<00:19:10.480> ambiguity.<00:19:11.760> It<00:19:12.000> can<00:19:12.160> imply<00:19:12.799> to with a fateful ambiguity. It could possibly imply to with a fateful ambiguity.

It could possibly imply to take<00:19:13.200> no<00:19:13.520> discover<00:19:13.840> of<00:19:14.400> or<00:19:14.720> to<00:19:14.880> deal with<00:19:15.280> with take no discover of or to deal with with take no discover of or to deal with with silent<00:19:16.080> contempt.<00:19:17.039> The<00:19:17.360> allies,<00:19:18.080> ready<00:19:18.400> for silent contempt. The allies, ready for silent contempt. The allies, ready for a<00:19:18.799> clear<00:19:19.039> reply,<00:19:20.000> interpreted<00:19:20.559> it<00:19:20.799> as<00:19:21.039> a<00:19:21.280> flat a transparent reply, interpreted it as a flat a transparent reply, interpreted it as a flat rejection.<00:19:22.640> In<00:19:22.880> their<00:19:23.120> eyes,<00:19:23.919> Japan<00:19:24.400> had rejection. Of their eyes, Japan had rejection.

Of their eyes, Japan had slammed<00:19:25.039> the<00:19:25.280> door<00:19:25.520> on<00:19:25.760> a<00:19:25.919> peaceable slammed the door on a peaceable slammed the door on a peaceable give up.<00:19:27.440> The<00:19:27.679> stage<00:19:28.080> was<00:19:28.320> set.<00:19:29.280> Again<00:19:29.520> in give up. The stage was set. Again in give up. The stage was set.

Again within the<00:19:29.840> New<00:19:30.000> Mexico<00:19:30.480> desert<00:19:31.280> at<00:19:31.520> a<00:19:31.679> website the New Mexico desert at a website the New Mexico desert at a website Oppenheimer<00:19:32.640> had<00:19:32.799> grimly<00:19:33.280> named<00:19:33.679> Trinity, Oppenheimer had grimly named Trinity, Oppenheimer had grimly named Trinity, the<00:19:35.120> scientists<00:19:35.600> of<00:19:35.760> Los<00:19:36.080> Alamos<00:19:36.720> ready the scientists of Los Alamos ready the scientists of Los Alamos ready for<00:19:37.200> the<00:19:37.440> final<00:19:37.840> check.<00:19:38.720> The<00:19:38.960> complicated for the final word check. The complicated for the final word check. The complicated plutonium<00:19:40.240> machine,<00:19:41.120> the<00:19:41.360> gadget,<00:19:42.080> was<00:19:42.240> the plutonium machine, the gadget, was the plutonium machine, the gadget, was the challenge’s<00:19:42.960> nice<00:19:43.280> unknown.<00:19:44.320> No<00:19:44.559> one<00:19:44.720> was<00:19:44.960> positive challenge’s nice unknown. Nobody was positive challenge’s nice unknown.

Nobody was positive if<00:19:45.280> the<00:19:45.440> intricate<00:19:45.919> dance<00:19:46.240> of<00:19:46.480> explosives<00:19:47.039> and if the intricate dance of explosives and if the intricate dance of explosives and shock<00:19:47.520> waves<00:19:48.240> would<00:19:48.559> really<00:19:48.960> work.<00:19:49.679> In<00:19:49.919> the shock waves would really work. Within the shock waves would really work. Within the pre-dawn<00:19:50.640> hours<00:19:50.880> of<00:19:51.120> July<00:19:51.679> sixteenth,<00:19:52.240> 1945, pre-dawn hours of July sixteenth, 1945, pre-dawn hours of July sixteenth, 1945, the<00:19:53.919> gadget<00:19:54.400> sat<00:19:54.720> at<00:19:54.799> high<00:19:55.039> a<00:19:55.200> 100<00:19:55.520> foot<00:19:55.760> metal the gadget sat at high a 100 foot metal the gadget sat at high a 100 foot metal tower.<00:19:57.039> As<00:19:57.280> the<00:19:57.520> closing<00:19:57.840> countdown<00:19:58.320> started,<00:19:59.120> the tower. As the ultimate countdown started, the tower.

As the ultimate countdown started, the challenge’s<00:19:59.840> leaders<00:20:00.240> watched<00:20:00.640> from<00:20:00.880> bunkers challenge’s leaders watched from bunkers challenge’s leaders watched from bunkers miles<00:20:01.760> away.<00:20:02.720> At<00:20:03.039> precisely<00:20:03.600> 529A, miles away. At precisely 529A, miles away. At precisely 529A, it<00:20:05.520> detonated.<00:20:06.799> The<00:20:07.039> response<00:20:07.760> was<00:20:08.000> one<00:20:08.160> of it detonated. The response was certainly one of it detonated.

The response was certainly one of primal<00:20:08.960> awe.<00:20:09.919> An<00:20:10.160> preliminary<00:20:10.640> flash<00:20:10.880> of<00:20:11.120> mild primal awe. An preliminary flash of sunshine primal awe. An preliminary flash of sunshine was<00:20:11.600> so<00:20:11.840> good<00:20:12.400> it<00:20:12.720> appeared<00:20:12.960> to<00:20:13.120> outshine was so good it appeared to outshine was so good it appeared to outshine the<00:20:13.919> solar,<00:20:14.640> adopted<00:20:15.039> by<00:20:15.200> a<00:20:15.520> deep<00:20:16.000> rumbling the solar, adopted by a deep rumbling the solar, adopted by a deep rumbling roar<00:20:17.120> that<00:20:17.360> echoed<00:20:17.840> throughout<00:20:18.160> the<00:20:18.400> desert.<00:20:19.360> A roar that echoed throughout the desert. A roar that echoed throughout the desert.

An enormous<00:20:20.240> churning<00:20:20.720> ball<00:20:21.039> of<00:20:21.280> hearth<00:20:21.760> rolled<00:20:22.160> and big churning ball of fireplace rolled and big churning ball of fireplace rolled and grew,<00:20:23.280> rising<00:20:23.760> into<00:20:24.000> the<00:20:24.240> sky<00:20:24.799> and<00:20:25.120> blooming grew, rising into the sky and blooming grew, rising into the sky and blooming into<00:20:25.840> the<00:20:26.160> iconic,<00:20:26.720> terrifying<00:20:27.360> mushroom into the enduring, terrifying mushroom into the enduring, terrifying mushroom cloud.<00:20:28.720> The<00:20:28.960> observers<00:20:29.600> had been<00:20:29.760> shocked<00:20:30.240> into cloud. The observers had been shocked into cloud. The observers had been shocked into silence.<00:20:31.840> Normal<00:20:32.320> Groves’s<00:20:32.960> deputy,<00:20:33.840> Thomas silence. Normal Groves’s deputy, Thomas silence.

Normal Groves’s deputy, Thomas Frell,<00:20:35.120> referred to as<00:20:35.360> it<00:20:35.840> that<00:20:36.159> magnificence<00:20:36.480> the<00:20:36.720> nice Frell, referred to as it that magnificence the nice Frell, referred to as it that magnificence the nice poets<00:20:37.440> dream<00:20:37.760> about,<00:20:38.320> however<00:20:38.640> describe<00:20:39.200> most poets dream about, however describe most poets dream about, however describe most poorly<00:20:40.000> dot<00:20:40.240> dot<00:20:40.640> dot<00:20:40.960> the<00:20:41.200> grand<00:20:41.520> finale<00:20:42.159> of<00:20:42.400> a poorly dot dot dot the grand finale of a poorly dot dot dot the grand finale of a mighty<00:20:42.960> symphony.<00:20:43.919> However<00:20:44.080> for<00:20:44.320> J.<00:20:44.720> Robert mighty symphony. However for J. Robert mighty symphony. However for J.

Robert Oppenheimer.<00:20:46.080> The<00:20:46.400> second<00:20:46.720> was<00:20:46.960> far<00:20:47.280> extra Oppenheimer. The second was much more Oppenheimer. The second was much more somber<00:20:48.480> as<00:20:48.720> he<00:20:48.960> watched<00:20:49.280> the<00:20:49.440> cloud<00:20:49.840> ascend<00:20:50.640> a somber as he watched the cloud ascend a somber as he watched the cloud ascend a line<00:20:51.200> from<00:20:51.360> the<00:20:51.520> Hindu<00:20:51.919> scripture<00:20:52.559> the<00:20:52.799> Bavad line from the Hindu scripture the Bavad line from the Hindu scripture the Bavad Gita<00:20:54.080> got here<00:20:54.320> to<00:20:54.480> his<00:20:54.720> thoughts.<00:20:55.919> Now<00:20:56.720> I<00:20:56.960> am<00:20:57.120> change into Gita got here to his thoughts. Now I’m change into Gita got here to his thoughts.

Now I’m change into loss of life,<00:20:58.240> the<00:20:58.559> destroyer<00:20:59.120> of<00:20:59.280> worlds.<00:21:00.400> It<00:21:00.640> was<00:21:00.720> a loss of life, the destroyer of worlds. It was a loss of life, the destroyer of worlds. It was a haunting<00:21:01.360> recognition<00:21:02.000> of<00:21:02.240> the<00:21:02.400> horrible haunting recognition of the horrible haunting recognition of the horrible energy<00:21:03.679> they<00:21:03.919> had<00:21:04.159> unlocked.<00:21:05.360> The<00:21:05.520> Trinity energy that they had unlocked. The Trinity energy that they had unlocked.

The Trinity check<00:21:06.480> was<00:21:06.720> an<00:21:06.880> unequivocal<00:21:07.760> terrifying check was an unequivocal terrifying check was an unequivocal terrifying success.<00:21:09.600> The<00:21:09.919> information<00:21:10.159> was<00:21:10.400> instantly<00:21:10.960> cabled success. The information was instantly cabled success. The information was instantly cabled in<00:21:11.600> secret<00:21:11.919> code<00:21:12.240> to<00:21:12.400> President<00:21:12.799> Truman<00:21:13.200> at in secret code to President Truman at in secret code to President Truman at Pottsdale.<00:21:14.480> A<00:21:14.720> child<00:21:15.200> had<00:21:15.520> been<00:21:15.679> born Pottsdale. A child had been born Pottsdale.

A child had been born satisfactorily.<00:21:17.600> This<00:21:17.919> information satisfactorily. This data satisfactorily. This data emboldened<00:21:18.960> Truman<00:21:19.679> and<00:21:19.919> solidified<00:21:20.640> his emboldened Truman and solidified his emboldened Truman and solidified his resolve.<00:21:21.919> The<00:21:22.159> atomic<00:21:22.640> bomb<00:21:23.039> was<00:21:23.280> no<00:21:23.520> longer<00:21:23.840> a resolve. The atomic bomb was now not a resolve.

The atomic bomb was now not a principle.<00:21:25.039> It<00:21:25.280> was<00:21:25.360> a<00:21:25.600> confirmed<00:21:25.919> actuality.<00:21:26.960> The speculation. It was a confirmed actuality. The speculation. It was a confirmed actuality.

The weapon<00:21:27.600> labored.<00:21:28.640> The<00:21:28.880> solely<00:21:29.120> query<00:21:29.440> that weapon labored. The one query that weapon labored. The one query that remained<00:21:30.480> was<00:21:30.880> the place<00:21:31.200> and<00:21:31.520> when<00:21:31.840> it<00:21:32.080> would<00:21:32.240> be remained was the place and when it could be remained was the place and when it could be used.<00:21:33.440> The<00:21:33.679> profitable<00:21:34.240> Trinity<00:21:34.720> check<00:21:35.120> sealed used. The profitable Trinity check sealed used.

The profitable Trinity check sealed the<00:21:35.679> bomb’s<00:21:36.080> destiny.<00:21:36.880> With<00:21:37.200> Japan’s<00:21:37.679> public the bomb’s destiny. With Japan’s public the bomb’s destiny. With Japan’s public rejection<00:21:38.480> of<00:21:38.559> the<00:21:38.720> Potam<00:21:39.520> ultimatum, rejection of the Potam ultimatum, rejection of the Potam ultimatum, President<00:21:40.960> Truman<00:21:41.520> and<00:21:41.760> his<00:21:42.000> advisers<00:21:42.559> noticed President Truman and his advisers noticed President Truman and his advisers noticed the<00:21:42.960> path<00:21:43.280> as<00:21:43.520> clear.<00:21:44.400> The<00:21:44.720> main the trail as clear. The first the trail as clear.

The first justification,<00:21:46.400> they<00:21:46.720> repeated,<00:21:47.520> was<00:21:47.760> to justification, they repeated, was to justification, they repeated, was to avoid wasting<00:21:48.240> American<00:21:48.720> lives<00:21:49.280> by<00:21:49.520> avoiding<00:21:49.919> a save American lives by avoiding a save American lives by avoiding a catastrophic<00:21:50.880> invasion.<00:21:51.919> The<00:21:52.159> grim<00:21:52.559> activity<00:21:52.880> of catastrophic invasion. The grim activity of catastrophic invasion. The grim activity of selecting<00:21:53.360> the<00:21:53.600> particular<00:21:54.000> targets<00:21:54.480> fell<00:21:54.799> to<00:21:54.960> a selecting the particular targets fell to a selecting the particular targets fell to a committee<00:21:55.440> at<00:21:55.600> Los<00:21:55.919> Alamos<00:21:56.799> led<00:21:57.039> by<00:21:57.280> Normal committee at Los Alamos led by Normal committee at Los Alamos led by Normal Groves.<00:21:58.720> They<00:21:59.039> established<00:21:59.520> a<00:21:59.760> set<00:21:59.919> of Groves. They established a set of Groves.

They established a set of standards.<00:22:01.360> The<00:22:01.600> goal<00:22:01.919> had<00:22:02.159> to<00:22:02.320> be<00:22:02.400> a<00:22:02.559> metropolis<00:22:02.799> of standards. The goal needed to be a metropolis of standards. The goal needed to be a metropolis of army<00:22:03.760> and<00:22:04.000> industrial<00:22:04.640> significance, army and industrial significance, army and industrial significance, giant<00:22:06.000> sufficient<00:22:06.240> to<00:22:06.559> precisely<00:22:07.039> measure<00:22:07.360> the big sufficient to precisely measure the big sufficient to precisely measure the bomb’s<00:22:08.000> results,<00:22:08.880> and<00:22:09.120> crucially,<00:22:09.919> it<00:22:10.240> wanted bomb’s results, and crucially, it wanted bomb’s results, and crucially, it wanted to<00:22:10.640> be<00:22:10.799> largely<00:22:11.280> untouched<00:22:11.840> by<00:22:12.080> the<00:22:12.320> ongoing to be largely untouched by the continuing to be largely untouched by the continuing firebombing<00:22:13.600> campaigns.<00:22:14.880> They<00:22:15.120> needed<00:22:15.360> a firebombing campaigns. They needed a firebombing campaigns.

They needed a clear<00:22:15.919> slate<00:22:16.480> to<00:22:16.799> measure<00:22:17.039> the<00:22:17.280> full<00:22:17.600> energy<00:22:17.840> of fresh slate to measure the complete energy of fresh slate to measure the complete energy of this<00:22:18.320> new<00:22:18.559> weapon.<00:22:19.520> The<00:22:19.760> preliminary<00:22:20.159> record this new weapon. The preliminary record this new weapon. The preliminary record included<00:22:21.120> Keyoto,<00:22:21.760> Japan’s<00:22:22.320> historic included Keyoto, Japan’s historic included Keyoto, Japan’s historic capital.<00:22:23.760> Nevertheless,<00:22:24.640> Secretary<00:22:25.200> of<00:22:25.360> Conflict<00:22:25.679> Henry capital. Nevertheless, Secretary of Conflict Henry capital.

Nevertheless, Secretary of Conflict Henry Stimson,<00:22:26.880> who<00:22:27.120> admired<00:22:27.520> its<00:22:27.760> cultural Stimson, who admired its cultural Stimson, who admired its cultural heritage,<00:22:29.280> argued<00:22:29.679> forcefully<00:22:30.240> for<00:22:30.400> its heritage, argued forcefully for its heritage, argued forcefully for its removing.<00:22:31.600> He<00:22:31.919> believed<00:22:32.480> destroying<00:22:33.120> such<00:22:33.360> a removing. He believed destroying such a removing. He believed destroying such a cherished<00:22:34.080> metropolis<00:22:34.720> would<00:22:34.960> embitter<00:22:35.520> the cherished metropolis would embitter the cherished metropolis would embitter the Japanese<00:22:36.240> folks<00:22:36.559> for<00:22:36.799> generations.<00:22:38.240> Truman Japanese folks for generations. Truman Japanese folks for generations.

Truman agreed,<00:22:39.679> and<00:22:40.000> Kyoto<00:22:40.640> was<00:22:40.960> spared.<00:22:42.000> A<00:22:42.320> new agreed, and Kyoto was spared. A brand new agreed, and Kyoto was spared. A brand new main<00:22:43.120> goal<00:22:43.520> was<00:22:43.760> chosen,<00:22:44.720> Hiroshima.<00:22:46.080> It main goal was chosen, Hiroshima. It main goal was chosen, Hiroshima.

It met<00:22:46.640> all<00:22:46.799> the<00:22:47.039> standards<00:22:47.760> completely.<00:22:48.799> It<00:22:49.039> was met all the standards completely. It was met all the standards completely. It was an<00:22:49.440> vital<00:22:49.919> army<00:22:50.480> headquarters,<00:22:51.440> a an vital army headquarters, a an vital army headquarters, a serious<00:22:52.000> port,<00:22:52.559> and<00:22:52.799> a<00:22:53.039> middle<00:22:53.280> for<00:22:53.520> logistics. main port, and a middle for logistics. main port, and a middle for logistics.

Its<00:22:55.039> geography,<00:22:56.000> a<00:22:56.159> flat<00:22:56.480> airplane<00:22:56.880> surrounded Its geography, a flat airplane surrounded Its geography, a flat airplane surrounded by<00:22:57.600> hills,<00:22:58.400> was<00:22:58.640> thought<00:22:58.880> to<00:22:59.120> create<00:22:59.440> a by hills, was thought to create a by hills, was thought to create a focusing<00:23:00.159> impact<00:23:00.880> that<00:23:01.039> would<00:23:01.280> amplify<00:23:01.760> the focusing impact that may amplify the focusing impact that may amplify the blast.<00:23:03.120> And<00:23:03.200> it<00:23:03.440> was<00:23:03.600> one<00:23:03.760> of<00:23:03.840> the<00:23:04.080> few<00:23:04.320> main blast. And it was one of many few main blast. And it was one of many few main cities<00:23:05.520> that<00:23:05.760> had<00:23:06.000> not<00:23:06.240> but<00:23:06.480> been<00:23:06.720> subjected cities that had not but been subjected cities that had not but been subjected to<00:23:07.440> main<00:23:07.760> bombing<00:23:08.159> raids.<00:23:09.200> The<00:23:09.440> closing<00:23:09.679> record to main bombing raids. The ultimate record to main bombing raids.

The ultimate record was<00:23:10.240> accepted.<00:23:11.200> Hiroshima<00:23:12.000> was<00:23:12.159> the<00:23:12.400> main was accepted. Hiroshima was the first was accepted. Hiroshima was the first goal<00:23:13.520> with<00:23:13.760> Kakura<00:23:14.559> and<00:23:14.799> Nagisaki<00:23:15.679> as goal with Kakura and Nagisaki as goal with Kakura and Nagisaki as alternates.<00:23:17.280> On<00:23:17.520> July<00:23:18.000> twenty fifth,<00:23:18.720> 1945 alternates. On July twenty fifth, 1945 alternates.

On July twenty fifth, 1945 from<00:23:20.480> Pottstown,<00:23:21.520> Truan<00:23:22.080> gave<00:23:22.240> the<00:23:22.480> closing from Pottstown, Truan gave the ultimate from Pottstown, Truan gave the ultimate authorization.<00:23:24.159> Normal<00:23:24.640> Thomas<00:23:25.039> Helpful authorization. Normal Thomas Helpful authorization. Normal Thomas Helpful issued<00:23:25.840> the<00:23:26.080> formal<00:23:26.480> order<00:23:26.799> to<00:23:26.960> the<00:23:27.280> US<00:23:27.679> Military issued the formal order to the US Military issued the formal order to the US Military Strategic<00:23:28.720> Air<00:23:28.960> Forces.<00:23:30.080> The<00:23:30.400> 59th<00:23:31.200> Composite Strategic Air Forces. The 59th Composite Strategic Air Forces.

The 59th Composite Group<00:23:32.320> was<00:23:32.559> to<00:23:32.799> ship<00:23:33.120> its<00:23:33.520> first<00:23:33.840> particular Group was to ship its first particular Group was to ship its first particular bomb<00:23:35.120> as<00:23:35.360> quickly<00:23:35.520> as<00:23:35.760> climate<00:23:36.080> will<00:23:36.240> allow bomb as quickly as climate will allow bomb as quickly as climate will allow visible<00:23:36.960> bombing<00:23:37.760> after<00:23:38.000> about<00:23:38.320> the<00:23:38.480> third<00:23:38.799> of visible bombing after in regards to the third of visible bombing after in regards to the third of August<00:23:39.520> 1945.<00:23:40.799> on<00:23:41.039> one<00:23:41.200> of<00:23:41.360> the<00:23:41.520> targets, August 1945. on one of many targets, August 1945. on one of many targets, Hiroshima,<00:23:43.600> Kakura,<00:23:44.720> Nigata,<00:23:45.360> and<00:23:45.600> Nagasaki. Hiroshima, Kakura, Nigata, and Nagasaki. Hiroshima, Kakura, Nigata, and Nagasaki.

The<00:23:46.960> orders<00:23:47.360> had been<00:23:47.520> reduce.<00:23:48.400> All<00:23:48.640> the<00:23:48.880> years<00:23:49.120> of The orders had been reduce. All of the years of The orders had been reduce. All of the years of analysis,<00:23:50.159> secrecy,<00:23:50.799> and<00:23:51.039> inconceivable analysis, secrecy, and inconceivable analysis, secrecy, and inconceivable selections<00:23:52.559> had been<00:23:52.799> now<00:23:53.039> converging<00:23:53.600> on<00:23:53.760> a<00:23:54.000> single selections had been now converging on a single selections had been now converging on a single metropolis<00:23:54.880> and<00:23:55.120> a<00:23:55.280> single<00:23:55.600> day.<00:23:56.480> On<00:23:56.720> the<00:23:56.880> distant metropolis and a single day. On the distant metropolis and a single day.

On the distant Pacific<00:23:57.679> island<00:23:58.000> of<00:23:58.159> Tinian,<00:23:59.120> the<00:23:59.440> closing Pacific island of Tinian, the ultimate Pacific island of Tinian, the ultimate part<00:24:00.000> of<00:24:00.159> the<00:24:00.400> challenge<00:24:00.720> was<00:24:00.960> underway. part of the challenge was underway. part of the challenge was underway. Inside<00:24:02.640> the<00:24:02.880> world’s<00:24:03.280> busiest<00:24:03.760> air<00:24:04.000> base<00:24:04.400> was Contained in the world’s busiest air base was Contained in the world’s busiest air base was a<00:24:04.799> extremely<00:24:05.200> safe<00:24:05.600> space,<00:24:06.400> dwelling<00:24:06.640> of<00:24:06.799> the<00:24:07.120> 509th a extremely safe space, dwelling of the 509th a extremely safe space, dwelling of the 509th Composite<00:24:08.480> Group.<00:24:09.600> Solely<00:24:09.919> a<00:24:10.159> handful<00:24:10.480> of<00:24:10.640> these Composite Group. Solely a handful of those Composite Group.

Solely a handful of those elite<00:24:11.279> airmen<00:24:11.760> knew<00:24:12.000> the<00:24:12.240> true<00:24:12.480> nature<00:24:12.799> of elite airmen knew the true nature of elite airmen knew the true nature of their<00:24:13.279> mission.<00:24:14.080> In<00:24:14.400> late<00:24:14.640> July,<00:24:15.440> the their mission. In late July, the their mission. In late July, the elements<00:24:16.159> of<00:24:16.320> the<00:24:16.559> Little<00:24:16.880> Boy<00:24:17.200> bomb elements of the Little Boy bomb elements of the Little Boy bomb arrived.<00:24:18.400> It<00:24:18.640> was<00:24:18.720> a<00:24:18.880> gun<00:24:19.279> kind<00:24:19.520> weapon. arrived. It was a gun kind weapon.

arrived. It was a gun kind weapon. Inside<00:24:20.960> its<00:24:21.360> 9,000lb<00:24:22.400> casing,<00:24:23.200> a<00:24:23.440> brief Inside its 9,000lb casing, a brief Inside its 9,000lb casing, a brief cannon<00:24:24.159> would<00:24:24.400> hearth<00:24:24.720> a<00:24:25.039> uranium<00:24:25.600> bullet<00:24:26.400> into cannon would hearth a uranium bullet into cannon would hearth a uranium bullet right into a<00:24:26.960> uranium<00:24:27.520> goal,<00:24:28.400> initiating<00:24:29.039> the<00:24:29.279> nuclear a uranium goal, initiating the nuclear a uranium goal, initiating the nuclear chain<00:24:30.159> response.<00:24:31.279> On<00:24:31.520> August<00:24:32.000> fifth,<00:24:32.640> the chain response. On August fifth, the chain response.

On August fifth, the climate<00:24:33.279> forecast<00:24:33.760> for<00:24:33.919> the<00:24:34.159> subsequent<00:24:34.320> day<00:24:34.799> over climate forecast for the following day over climate forecast for the following day over Japan<00:24:35.919> regarded<00:24:36.320> clear.<00:24:37.279> Colonel<00:24:37.679> Paul Japan regarded clear. Colonel Paul Japan regarded clear. Colonel Paul Tibbitz,<00:24:38.960> commander<00:24:39.440> of<00:24:39.520> the<00:24:39.760> 5009th,<00:24:41.120> informed Tibbitz, commander of the 5009th, informed Tibbitz, commander of the 5009th, informed his<00:24:41.679> crew<00:24:42.480> this<00:24:42.720> was<00:24:42.880> the<00:24:43.039> mission<00:24:43.360> they<00:24:43.520> had his crew this was the mission that they had his crew this was the mission that they had been<00:24:43.919> coaching<00:24:44.240> for.<00:24:45.039> He<00:24:45.360> revealed<00:24:45.760> they been coaching for. He revealed they been coaching for.

He revealed they might<00:24:46.240> be<00:24:46.320> dropping<00:24:46.640> a<00:24:46.880> new<00:24:47.120> sort<00:24:47.279> of<00:24:47.440> bomb, can be dropping a brand new form of bomb, can be dropping a brand new form of bomb, one<00:24:48.480> with<00:24:48.640> the<00:24:48.880> explosive<00:24:49.440> drive<00:24:49.919> of<00:24:50.159> about one with the explosive drive of about one with the explosive drive of about 15,000<00:24:51.440> tons<00:24:51.760> of<00:24:52.000> TNT.<00:24:53.360> That<00:24:53.600> afternoon,<00:24:54.480> he 15,000 tons of TNT. That afternoon, he 15,000 tons of TNT. That afternoon, he named<00:24:55.120> the<00:24:55.360> B29<00:24:56.480> he<00:24:56.720> would<00:24:56.880> pilot<00:24:57.360> Inola<00:24:57.919> Homosexual named the B29 he would pilot Inola Homosexual named the B29 he would pilot Inola Homosexual after<00:24:59.039> his<00:24:59.279> mom.<00:25:00.159> In<00:25:00.400> the<00:25:00.559> early<00:25:00.799> hours<00:25:01.039> of after his mom. Within the early hours of after his mom.

Within the early hours of August<00:25:01.679> sixth,<00:25:02.159> 1945,<00:25:03.520> the<00:25:03.679> Anola<00:25:04.240> Homosexual<00:25:04.559> lumbered August sixth, 1945, the Anola Homosexual lumbered August sixth, 1945, the Anola Homosexual lumbered down<00:25:05.200> the<00:25:05.360> runway<00:25:06.159> and<00:25:06.480> lifted<00:25:06.960> into<00:25:07.200> the<00:25:07.360> darkish down the runway and lifted into the darkish down the runway and lifted into the darkish sky.<00:25:08.720> The<00:25:08.960> flight<00:25:09.360> was<00:25:09.600> lengthy<00:25:10.080> and<00:25:10.320> uneventful. sky. The flight was lengthy and uneventful. sky. The flight was lengthy and uneventful.

Over<00:25:11.919> the<00:25:12.159> ocean,<00:25:12.880> Navy<00:25:13.279> Captain<00:25:13.679> William Over the ocean, Navy Captain William Over the ocean, Navy Captain William Deak<00:25:14.640> Parsons<00:25:15.600> carried out<00:25:16.080> the<00:25:16.320> closing Deak Parsons carried out the ultimate Deak Parsons carried out the ultimate meeting<00:25:16.960> of<00:25:17.200> the<00:25:17.360> bomb,<00:25:18.000> a<00:25:18.320> precaution meeting of the bomb, a precaution meeting of the bomb, a precaution in opposition to<00:25:19.120> an<00:25:19.440> accident<00:25:19.840> on<00:25:20.080> takeoff.<00:25:21.120> As<00:25:21.360> they in opposition to an accident on takeoff. As they in opposition to an accident on takeoff. As they approached<00:25:22.000> Japan,<00:25:22.880> the<00:25:23.200> solar<00:25:23.440> was<00:25:23.679> rising. approached Japan, the solar was rising. approached Japan, the solar was rising.

The<00:25:24.960> skies<00:25:25.360> over<00:25:25.600> Hiroshima<00:25:26.320> had been<00:25:26.559> clear.<00:25:27.520> At The skies over Hiroshima had been clear. At The skies over Hiroshima had been clear. At 8:15<00:25:28.640> a.m.,<00:25:29.360> from<00:25:29.520> an<00:25:29.679> altitude<00:25:30.159> of<00:25:30.400> over 8:15 a.m., from an altitude of over 8:15 a.m., from an altitude of over 31,000<00:25:31.600> ft,<00:25:32.240> the<00:25:32.480> bombardier<00:25:33.360> Main<00:25:33.760> Thomas 31,000 ft, the bombardier Main Thomas 31,000 ft, the bombardier Main Thomas Farbe<00:25:35.120> took<00:25:35.440> purpose<00:25:35.679> at<00:25:35.840> the<00:25:36.080> Ioi<00:25:36.640> Bridge.<00:25:37.440> The Farbe took purpose on the Ioi Bridge. The Farbe took purpose on the Ioi Bridge.

The Bombay<00:25:38.240> doorways<00:25:38.640> opened<00:25:39.120> and<00:25:39.440> Little<00:25:39.760> Boy<00:25:40.240> fell Bombay doorways opened and Little Boy fell Bombay doorways opened and Little Boy fell away.<00:25:41.440> The<00:25:41.679> airplane<00:25:42.080> banked<00:25:42.480> into<00:25:42.720> a<00:25:42.880> onerous away. The airplane banked into a tough away. The airplane banked into a tough diving<00:25:43.840> flip.<00:25:44.720> For<00:25:45.039> 43<00:25:45.679> seconds,<00:25:46.480> the<00:25:46.720> bomb diving flip. For 43 seconds, the bomb diving flip.

For 43 seconds, the bomb plummeted.<00:25:48.240> Then,<00:25:48.880> at<00:25:49.120> an<00:25:49.360> altitude<00:25:49.840> of<00:25:50.080> 1,968 plummeted. Then, at an altitude of 1,968 plummeted. Then, at an altitude of 1,968 ft,<00:25:52.320> it<00:25:52.480> detonated.<00:25:53.679> A<00:25:53.919> blinding<00:25:54.400> flash<00:25:54.640> of ft, it detonated. A blinding flash of ft, it detonated.

A blinding flash of sunshine<00:25:55.200> stuffed<00:25:55.520> the<00:25:55.760> cockpit<00:25:56.559> even<00:25:56.880> miles mild stuffed the cockpit even miles mild stuffed the cockpit even miles away.<00:25:58.240> Moments<00:25:58.640> later,<00:25:59.279> the<00:25:59.520> first<00:25:59.760> of<00:25:59.919> two away. Moments later, the primary of two away. Moments later, the primary of two shock<00:26:00.480> waves<00:26:00.960> struck<00:26:01.279> the<00:26:01.520> airplane.<00:26:02.320> The<00:26:02.559> tail shock waves struck the airplane. The tail shock waves struck the airplane.

The tail gunner,<00:26:03.520> Bob<00:26:03.840> Kuran,<00:26:04.799> was<00:26:04.960> the<00:26:05.200> first<00:26:05.440> to gunner, Bob Kuran, was the primary to gunner, Bob Kuran, was the primary to report<00:26:06.000> what<00:26:06.240> he<00:26:06.480> noticed.<00:26:07.360> A<00:26:07.600> huge<00:26:08.400> turbulent report what he noticed. An enormous turbulent report what he noticed. An enormous turbulent cloud<00:26:09.520> rising<00:26:09.919> over<00:26:10.159> the<00:26:10.400> metropolis,<00:26:11.279> a<00:26:11.520> column<00:26:11.840> of cloud rising over town, a column of cloud rising over town, a column of black<00:26:12.320> smoke<00:26:12.960> and<00:26:13.279> purple<00:26:13.679> grey<00:26:14.000> hearth<00:26:14.799> boiling black smoke and purple grey hearth boiling black smoke and purple grey hearth boiling and<00:26:15.679> churning.<00:26:16.720> Beneath,<00:26:17.520> the place<00:26:17.760> Hiroshima<00:26:18.480> had and churning. Beneath, the place Hiroshima had and churning.

Beneath, the place Hiroshima had been<00:26:18.880> simply<00:26:19.120> a<00:26:19.360> minute<00:26:19.520> earlier than,<00:26:20.559> there<00:26:20.720> was been only a minute earlier than, there was been only a minute earlier than, there was nothing<00:26:21.200> however<00:26:21.440> a<00:26:21.600> sea<00:26:21.919> of<00:26:22.080> hearth<00:26:22.720> and<00:26:22.960> a<00:26:23.120> thick nothing however a sea of fireplace and a thick nothing however a sea of fireplace and a thick darkish<00:26:23.840> paw<00:26:24.159> of<00:26:24.400> smoke.<00:26:25.279> The<00:26:25.520> mission<00:26:25.840> was darkish paw of smoke. The mission was darkish paw of smoke. The mission was full.<00:26:27.200> The<00:26:27.440> world<00:26:27.760> had<00:26:28.000> been<00:26:28.159> violently full. The world had been violently full.

The world had been violently and<00:26:29.200> eternally<00:26:29.679> thrust<00:26:30.159> into<00:26:30.400> the<00:26:30.640> atomic<00:26:31.120> age. and eternally thrust into the atomic age. and eternally thrust into the atomic age. The<00:26:32.320> bombing<00:26:32.640> of<00:26:32.799> Hiroshima<00:26:33.919> and<00:26:34.159> 3<00:26:34.400> days The bombing of Hiroshima and three days The bombing of Hiroshima and three days later,<00:26:34.960> Nagasaki<00:26:36.240> introduced<00:26:36.559> the<00:26:36.720> Second<00:26:37.120> World later, Nagasaki introduced the Second World later, Nagasaki introduced the Second World Conflict<00:26:38.000> to<00:26:38.240> a<00:26:38.400> sudden<00:26:38.799> horrific<00:26:39.360> shut.<00:26:40.400> On Conflict to a sudden horrific shut. On Conflict to a sudden horrific shut.

On August<00:26:41.120> fifteenth,<00:26:41.840> 1945, August fifteenth, 1945, August fifteenth, 1945, Emperor<00:26:43.760> Hirohito<00:26:44.960> introduced<00:26:45.440> Japan’s Emperor Hirohito introduced Japan’s Emperor Hirohito introduced Japan’s give up,<00:26:46.799> citing<00:26:47.200> the<00:26:47.360> devastating<00:26:48.000> energy give up, citing the devastating energy give up, citing the devastating energy of<00:26:48.640> a<00:26:48.880> new<00:26:49.120> and<00:26:49.440> most<00:26:49.679> merciless<00:26:50.159> bomb.<00:26:51.120> The of a brand new and most merciless bomb. The of a brand new and most merciless bomb. The deliberate<00:26:51.760> invasion<00:26:52.240> of<00:26:52.480> Japan<00:26:53.279> with<00:26:53.520> its deliberate invasion of Japan with its deliberate invasion of Japan with its projected<00:26:54.320> tens of millions<00:26:54.720> of<00:26:54.880> casualties<00:26:56.000> would projected tens of millions of casualties would projected tens of millions of casualties would by no means<00:26:56.640> occur,<00:26:57.520> however<00:26:57.760> the<00:26:57.919> legacy<00:26:58.320> of<00:26:58.559> August by no means occur, however the legacy of August by no means occur, however the legacy of August sixth<00:26:59.440> is<00:26:59.760> far<00:27:00.000> from<00:27:00.240> easy.<00:27:01.200> Over<00:27:01.440> the<00:27:01.679> subsequent sixth is way from easy. Over the following sixth is way from easy.

Over the following few<00:27:02.159> months,<00:27:02.799> the<00:27:03.039> two<00:27:03.279> atomic<00:27:03.760> bombs<00:27:04.240> killed few months, the 2 atomic bombs killed few months, the 2 atomic bombs killed between<00:27:05.760> 150,000<00:27:06.720> and<00:27:07.200> 246,000<00:27:08.640> folks.<00:27:09.279> the between 150,000 and 246,000 folks. the between 150,000 and 246,000 folks. the huge<00:27:09.919> majority<00:27:10.400> of<00:27:10.559> them<00:27:10.799> civilians.<00:27:12.159> They overwhelming majority of them civilians. They overwhelming majority of them civilians.

They launched<00:27:12.960> the<00:27:13.120> spectre<00:27:13.520> of<00:27:13.679> nuclear launched the spectre of nuclear launched the spectre of nuclear annihilation<00:27:14.799> to<00:27:15.039> the<00:27:15.200> world,<00:27:16.000> casting<00:27:16.400> a annihilation to the world, casting a annihilation to the world, casting a shadow<00:27:16.960> over<00:27:17.279> world<00:27:17.760> politics<00:27:18.559> that shadow over world politics that shadow over world politics that persists<00:27:19.360> to<00:27:19.600> this<00:27:19.840> day.<00:27:20.720> The<00:27:20.960> resolution<00:27:21.279> to persists to this present day. The choice to persists to this present day. The choice to make use of<00:27:21.679> the<00:27:21.919> bomb<00:27:22.640> stays<00:27:23.120> one<00:27:23.279> of<00:27:23.360> the<00:27:23.600> most use the bomb stays some of the use the bomb stays some of the debated<00:27:24.320> actions<00:27:24.720> in<00:27:24.960> historical past.<00:27:26.320> Was<00:27:26.480> it<00:27:26.640> a debated actions in historical past. Was it a debated actions in historical past.

Was it a vital<00:27:27.360> evil<00:27:27.679> to<00:27:27.919> forestall<00:27:28.159> a<00:27:28.400> higher<00:27:28.720> loss vital evil to stop a higher loss vital evil to stop a higher lack of<00:27:29.200> life?<00:27:30.000> Or<00:27:30.159> was<00:27:30.400> it<00:27:30.559> an<00:27:30.720> pointless of life? Or was it an pointless of life? Or was it an pointless atrocity<00:27:32.480> inflicted<00:27:32.960> on<00:27:33.120> a<00:27:33.360> nation<00:27:33.919> that<00:27:34.159> was atrocity inflicted on a nation that was atrocity inflicted on a nation that was already<00:27:34.640> on<00:27:34.799> the<00:27:35.039> verge<00:27:35.279> of<00:27:35.440> give up?<00:27:36.559> The already on the verge of give up? The already on the verge of give up?

The trail<00:27:37.039> to<00:27:37.200> Hiroshima<00:27:38.240> wasn’t<00:27:38.640> one<00:27:38.880> of<00:27:39.039> evil path to Hiroshima wasn’t certainly one of evil path to Hiroshima wasn’t certainly one of evil males,<00:27:40.080> however<00:27:40.320> of<00:27:40.559> good,<00:27:41.200> flawed,<00:27:42.000> and<00:27:42.240> usually males, however of good, flawed, and infrequently males, however of good, flawed, and infrequently frightened<00:27:43.200> folks<00:27:44.000> working<00:27:44.400> below<00:27:44.640> immense frightened folks working below immense frightened folks working below immense strain<00:27:45.760> in<00:27:46.000> a<00:27:46.159> time<00:27:46.400> of<00:27:46.559> complete<00:27:46.960> warfare.<00:27:47.919> It strain in a time of complete warfare. It strain in a time of complete warfare. It started<00:27:48.480> with<00:27:48.720> a<00:27:48.960> scientific<00:27:49.520> discovery<00:27:50.480> was started with a scientific discovery was started with a scientific discovery was propelled<00:27:51.200> by<00:27:51.360> a<00:27:51.600> justified<00:27:52.159> worry<00:27:52.559> of<00:27:52.799> a propelled by a justified worry of a propelled by a justified worry of a monstrous<00:27:53.520> enemy,<00:27:54.159> and<00:27:54.399> grew<00:27:54.720> into<00:27:54.960> a<00:27:55.200> secret monstrous enemy, and grew right into a secret monstrous enemy, and grew right into a secret industrial<00:27:56.320> colossus<00:27:57.039> with<00:27:57.279> a<00:27:57.440> momentum<00:27:58.080> all industrial colossus with a momentum all industrial colossus with a momentum all its<00:27:58.559> personal.<00:27:59.440> The<00:27:59.760> story<00:28:00.000> of<00:28:00.240> what<00:28:00.480> led<00:28:00.720> to<00:28:00.880> that its personal. The story of what led to that its personal.

The story of what led to that day<00:28:01.679> is<00:28:01.919> a<00:28:02.080> chilling<00:28:02.480> lesson<00:28:02.799> about<00:28:03.039> the day is a chilling lesson in regards to the day is a chilling lesson in regards to the weapons<00:28:03.600> we<00:28:03.919> create<00:28:04.880> and<00:28:05.120> the<00:28:05.279> knowledge<00:28:05.600> we<00:28:05.840> should weapons we create and the knowledge we should weapons we create and the knowledge we should summon<00:28:06.480> to<00:28:06.720> management<00:28:07.039> them.<00:28:07.840> The<00:28:08.080> mushroom summon to manage them. The mushroom summon to manage them. The mushroom cloud<00:28:08.960> that<00:28:09.200> rose<00:28:09.520> over<00:28:09.760> Hiroshima<00:28:10.960> solid<00:28:11.279> a cloud that rose over Hiroshima solid a cloud that rose over Hiroshima solid a shadow<00:28:11.760> that<00:28:12.080> reaches<00:28:12.480> all<00:28:12.720> the<00:28:12.960> approach<00:28:13.120> to<00:28:13.360> the shadow that reaches all the best way to the shadow that reaches all the best way to the current,<00:28:14.399> a<00:28:14.640> everlasting<00:28:15.200> query<00:28:15.520> mark current, a everlasting query mark current, a everlasting query mark hanging<00:28:16.559> over<00:28:16.720> the<00:28:16.960> future<00:28:17.279> of<00:28:17.520> humanity.<00:28:18.640> If hanging over the way forward for humanity. If hanging over the way forward for humanity.

When you<00:28:19.120> discovered<00:28:19.360> this<00:28:19.679> exploration<00:28:20.240> of<00:28:20.480> the you discovered this exploration of the you discovered this exploration of the complicated<00:28:21.200> historical past<00:28:21.600> behind<00:28:21.919> the<00:28:22.159> atomic<00:28:22.640> bomb complicated historical past behind the atomic bomb complicated historical past behind the atomic bomb compelling,<00:28:23.919> please<00:28:24.320> contemplate<00:28:24.799> subscribing compelling, please contemplate subscribing compelling, please contemplate subscribing to<00:28:25.600> our<00:28:25.840> channel<00:28:26.480> and<00:28:26.720> turning<00:28:27.039> on to our channel and turning on to our channel and turning on notifications<00:28:28.000> for<00:28:28.320> extra<00:28:28.559> deep<00:28:28.880> divies<00:28:29.679> into notifications for extra deep divies into notifications for extra deep divies into the<00:28:30.240> occasions<00:28:30.559> that<00:28:30.799> formed<00:28:31.120> our<00:28:31.360> world.<00:28:32.240> And the occasions that formed our world. And the occasions that formed our world. And we might<00:28:32.720> like<00:28:32.880> to<00:28:33.039> hear<00:28:33.200> your<00:28:33.520> ideas<00:28:33.760> in<00:28:34.000> the we might like to listen to your ideas within the we might like to listen to your ideas within the feedback<00:28:34.559> under.<00:28:35.600> The<00:28:35.840> resolution<00:28:36.159> to<00:28:36.320> use<00:28:36.559> the feedback under. The choice to make use of the feedback under.

The choice to make use of the bomb<00:28:37.120> is<00:28:37.360> nonetheless<00:28:37.679> debated<00:28:38.159> as we speak.<00:28:39.039> What<00:28:39.279> are bomb remains to be debated as we speak. What are bomb remains to be debated as we speak. What are your<00:28:39.600> ideas<00:28:39.840> on<00:28:40.080> this<00:28:40.240> pivotal<00:28:40.720> second<00:28:40.960> in your ideas on this pivotal second in your ideas on this pivotal second in historical past?<00:28:42.240> Thank<00:28:42.480> you<00:28:42.640> for<00:28:42.960> watching.