Queerness and psychedelics have at all times been intertwined in complicated methods. From their historic exploitation in analysis to develop coercive so-called “conversion therapies”, to their naturalistic function in facilitating religious, inventive and group experiences (together with inspiring the Satisfaction flag itself), these substances have carried each hurt and hope for LGBTQIA+ communities.
Regardless of this, educational analysis into queer psychedelic experiences stays sparse, usually targeted on threat and pathology quite than identification, therapeutic or liberation. Additional, the illustration (or lack thereof) of queer contributors in trials of psychedelic-assisted therapies is unsure, on account of lack of standardised recording of this demographic.
Bartlett and colleagues (2024) got down to discover what the “significant, non-pathologising” inclusion of queer voices might appear like, in psychedelics analysis. Their evaluate requested:
- How have queer experiences of psychedelics been represented within the literature?
- Who’s being studied, what motivates queer psychedelics use, and what outcomes are described?
This evaluate aimed to spotlight gaps and level the best way ahead for psychedelics analysis, which higher consists of and represents queer communities.
Strategies
The authors searched seven main databases, utilizing a variety of psychedelic- and queer-related phrases. There have been no restrictions on publication date. They screened greater than 74,000 data, which included qualitative research, case stories, commentary items and a few medical trials.
The authors determine a purposive choice method:
A part of the method taken on this scoping evaluate was to take care of a wholesome skepticism of the heteronormative method to analysis, together with questioning the dominant analysis ideological framework and methodology, each traditionally and in trendy analysis.
To be included, research needed to discover psychedelic use in ways in which centred queer views, identities and group, and prevented additional stigmatisation. Publications that talked about queer individuals solely in passing, or framed psychedelic use solely in destructive phrases, have been excluded – to yield a complete of 18 research spanning from the late Nineteen Sixties to 2022, masking substances resembling MDMA, LSD, psilocybin and ayahuasca.
Questioning standard analysis narratives – the examine included 18 papers spanning the late Nineteen Sixties to 2022, chronicling queer experiences of psychedelic use.
Outcomes
Trying on the definition of ‘psychedelics’ throughout the 18 included research, one examine lined ‘psychedelics’ as a category of drugs, whereas others particularly referred to MDMA (7), and fewer generally LSD (4), psilocybin (3) and ayahuasca (2). In-keeping with the Nixonian social insurance policies that influenced each its use and its later management as a scheduled drug: all however one LSD-focused articles have been written on queer experiences within the Nineteen Sixties – two discussing psychedelic conversion remedy. The rest of the extracted publications have been written throughout the final 20 years, shifting to a non-LSD psychedelic focus.
By way of the inhabitants cohort, the authors comment:
A defining power of the queer group is the various, ever evolving, and ever-expanding prospects of self-identity with which one can align and categorical. Sadly, this heterogeneity and richness shouldn’t be mirrored within the queer psychedelic literature
A lot of the literature reviewed, recognized a concentrate on the psychedelic use of homosexual and cisgender males, usually white and English-speaking. Queer ladies, trans and non-binary individuals remained largely absent in analysis, however a small variety of research supplied some wealthy insights, as identification categorisation was usually much less inflexible than ‘homosexual’, ‘bisexual’ and so forth, however extra flexibly ‘Queer’ or ‘non-Queer’ (Bryant, 2016; Jadali 2022), quite than breakdowns by gender identification and sexuality.
Intersectional particular person and collective identities (resembling race, class, and incapacity), experiences and practices (resembling these linked to faith or spirituality) have been not often explored – however Jadali’s 2022 examine on how non-binary Islamic youth concceptualised and associated to God via psychedelic use, was counseled on this regard. General, given geographical and group unfold, with some research figuring out non-western divergent gender and sexual identities as effectively (Stauffer et al; 2022 (Tumtum); Bryant, 2016 (Two-spirit)), demographic reporting requirements have been variable.
The literature identifies that motivations for psychedelic use and analysis have shifted over time. Whereas naturalistic use of psychedelics has been part of queer identification integration, in Indigenous communities (Stephen, 2002) all through historical past, within the mid-Twentieth century, psychedelics have been typically proposed to be used in makes an attempt to suppress queer identification, with LSD and mescaline administered in so-called “psychic shock” conversion therapies (Dubus, 2020).
Alternatively, newer accounts are starting to re-frame each naturalistic and therapeutic psychedelic use. Settings ranged from medical trials and ceremonial rituals to raves and personal gatherings. The context usually formed the end result: for some, a supportive group area fostered therapeutic, whereas for others, solitary use in nature prompted profound religious insights. That is in line with the generally cited ‘set and setting’ paradigm of psychedelics analysis.
The one included experimental medical trial (Anderson et al., 2020) on psilocybin-assisted remedy for long-term HIV survivors, reported decreased demoralisation, PTSD signs and complex grief. Each psilocybin (Agin-Liebes et al., 2021, in a medical trial) and MDMA (Ching, 2020, as autoethnography) have been recognized to supply queer contributors a path to self-acceptance, identification exploration, group connection and religious development.
In some research, contributors described psychedelics as serving to them course of minority stress, confront internalised stigma, and construct resilience. Importantly, each classical and non-classical psychedelics resembling Ayahuasca (Cavnar, 2011; Cavnar, 2014), and MDMA in even bigger research (Coveney, 2005; McElrath, 2005) have been particularly recognized in qualitative research as enhancers of sexual expertise, and a approach for individuals to discover their non-heterosexuality and normalise their journey of ‘popping out’ as queer, suggesting potential to analysis a bidirectional relationship between using psychedelics and queerness.
Love, Intercourse and Goals: though most research captured the experiences of homosexual cisgendered males, the wide selection of examine designs captured the ‘changing into’ of queer individuals into their identities, the exploration and acceptance of their gender and sexuality, and likewise how they associated to their desires and spirituality.
Conclusions
Bartlett and colleagues present that queer voices in psychedelic analysis are nonetheless uncommon – and that when current, they’re too usually filtered via a slender lens.
The research that do centre queer views recommend these substances can play a robust function in self-discovery, therapeutic and connection. That is broadly inkeeping with views on the aim of naturalistic psychedelic use, however could have explicit group significance within the “set and setting” of queer communities and lived expertise.
To additional realise the potential of psychedelic use in experimental analysis and therapeutics – researchers want to return to the drafting board, and draw on the wealthy expertise of queer tradition and historical past, in co-producing research straight with queer communities, utilizing inclusive and intersectional strategies, and reporting demographic knowledge transparently and robustly.
Queer tradition presents important classes for extra inclusive psychedelic analysis and remedy.
Strengths and limitations
A significant power of this evaluate is its broad search technique and clear, affirming inclusion standards, which keep away from perpetuating stigma. The authors additionally convey lived expertise to their evaluation, permitting for essential reflection on potential heteronormative bias within the area.
Critically, one newer literature evaluate, by Haft et al. in 2025, has tried to cowl “participant range in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy trials” extra broadly, Bartlett’s examine is extra distinctive and impactful in creating an inclusive search technique – proactively uplifting under-represented queer voices and their experiences of psychedelics, with robust experiential accounts in educational autoethnographies and case research, positioned alongside findings of bigger structured qualitative analysis or experimental trials. This permits for a extra strong exploration of naturalistic psychedelic use and queer experiences, which ought to present new avenues for researchers in search of to help queer communities, led by the group’s personal priorities.
One potential limitation is that the analysis query itself could have been biased by selecting to focus completely on optimistic experiences of psychedelics, as this may increasingly overlook the opportunity of there being particular destructive results that queer individuals expertise in isolation, or disproportionately.
For instance, post-psychedelic integration and the significance of safeguarding for weak teams are a spotlight of discourse in psychedelic analysis areas. The evaluate could have been enriched by additionally contemplating these elements, though the authors do explicitly state their purpose was to forgo together with literature that additional perpetuates destructive stereotypes or stigmatization of psychedelic use and queer people. The pool of included research was additionally small, making it troublesome to generalise findings.
This examine paved new floor by amplifying self-led first- and second-person case research and autoethnographies on queer individuals’ naturalistic use of psychedelics, alongside formalistic analysis and experimental trials on their therapeutic use with queer contributors.
Implications for apply
For clinicians, the message is that psychedelic experiences will be deeply significant for queer individuals, however this should be recognised and revered in therapeutic settings. For researchers, there may be an pressing have to broaden the vary of identities represented and to take intersectionality critically. Funders and policy-makers ought to help work that strikes past threat and analysis to discover identification, group and pleasure.
This evaluate suggests there may be extra to be carried out to deal with queer individuals who use medicine as lively companions in psychedelics analysis. For apply and future research, step one is to maneuver away from an “outsider wanting in” mannequin. Which will imply shifting from recruitment that depends on comfort samples and broad promoting in direction of in-reach methods that embed researchers within the areas the place queer communities already collect – and might also imply growing representativeness in groups who develop and lead analysis, past contributors. Methods to facilitate this, embody collaborating in analysis growth with trusted group organisations, queer-led hurt discount companies, and peer networks, and guaranteeing they’re resourced to co-develop recruitment supplies and protocols.
Addressing the absence of queer ladies, trans, non-binary, and marginalised intersecting contributors requires intentional oversampling and focused outreach. This might contain forming advisory teams made up of underrepresented sub-communities earlier than the examine begins, after which tailoring recruitment to their wants and areas. For instance, work with QTIPOC (Queer, Trans, Intersex Folks of Color) networks, disabled queer collectives, and faith-based LGBTQIA+ teams can attain people whose voices are often lacking from analysis. Researchers must also price range for sensible helps resembling journey vouchers, childcare, and translation companies, which might make participation possible for individuals going through financial or accessibility obstacles. You will need to notice additionally that the NIHR now requires well being fairness to be a consideration actively made when submitting funding functions.
There are examples exterior psychedelics value emulating. The Trans PULSE Canada survey used a nationwide community of community-based organisations to achieve over 2,800 trans, non-binary contributors, many from racially minoritised backgrounds. In HIV and sexual well being, the Constructive Voices examine in England has demonstrated how partnership with grassroots organisations can ship giant, various samples that mirror group realities. Comparable collaborative frameworks might underpin future psychedelic analysis, guaranteeing that these most marginalised are central to the examine design.
Finally, apply on this space ought to undertake a “nothing about us with out us” stance: queer communities should be actively concerned in deciding the analysis questions regarding their group, shaping strategies, decoding findings, and sharing outcomes again in accessible codecs. This isn’t nearly illustration, however about producing proof that’s credible, related, and genuinely helpful to these it goals to serve.
The door to exploration could also be open – however queer communities can’t be doorstops for exterior psychedelics researchers, to determine intra-community analysis designs and priorities.
Assertion of pursuits
Stephen has additionally accomplished a briefing for the UK Parliament focussed on psychedelic-assisted remedy for psychological well being situations. Stephen additionally researches substance use in homosexual and bisexual males, particularly focussing on chemsex.
Shubhangi has labored as a public science communicator in Eire, giving talks on the historic and political panorama and pressures on the scheduling of psychedelics, and the exclusion of marginalised teams in psychedelics analysis.
Reflexivity: Stephen identifies as a cisgender pansexual man, with lived expertise of the subject being researched. Shubhangi identifies as QTIPOC, with lived expertise of the subject being researched.
References
Main paper
Bartlett A, Christ C, Martins B, Saxberg Ok, Ching THW. The library is open: a scoping evaluate on queer illustration in psychedelic analysis. Entrance Public Well being. 2024;12:1472559. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1472559
Different references
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stories of mindfulness, posttraumatic development, and social connectedness in psilocybin-assisted group remedy: an interpretive phenomenological evaluation. J Humanist Psychol. (2021) 64:564–91. doi:
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Anderson, BT, Danforth, A, Daroff, PR, Stauffer, C, Ekman, E, Agin-Liebes, G, et al. Psilocybin-assisted group remedy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor males: an open-label security and feasibility pilot examine. **EClinicalMedicine. (2020) 27:100538. doi:
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Bryant, WL. Minority pathways: LGBQ transformations into wholeness. Lethbridge,
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